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Ophthalmological findings in infants with microcephaly and presumable intra-uterus Zika virus infection

Achados oftalmológicos em lactentes com microcefalia e infecção presumida pelo vírus Zika

ABSTRACT

Purpose:

In 2015, a twenty-fold increase in the prevalence of microcephaly in Brazil was reported, and the Ministry of Health associated this abnormal prevalence with the maternal-fetal Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission.

Methods:

We assessed the ophthalmological findings of ten mothers and their infants that had been clinically diagnosed with ZIKV-related microcephaly and presented ocular abnormalities, born from May to December 2015.

Results:

Seven mothers (70.0%) referred symptoms during pregnancy (malaise, rash and arthralgia), of which six (85.7%) were in the first trimester. At the time of exam, no ophthalmological abnormalities were identified in the mothers and they did not report ocular symptoms during pregnancy. Serology was negative in all infants for Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Syphilis and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. Ocular findings included macular alterations (gross pigment mottling and/or chorioretinal atrophy) in fifteen eyes (75.0%), and optic nerve abnormalities (hypoplasia with double-ring sign, pallor, and/or increased cup-to-disk ratio) in nine eyes (45.0%).

Conclusions:

Patients presented normal anterior segment and important macular and optic nerve abnormalities. Further studies will assess the visual significance of these alterations.

Keywords:
Microcephaly; Zika virus; Ocular findings; Vertical transmission; Retina

RESUMO

Introdução:

No ano de 2015, foi identificado no Brasil um aumento da prevalência de microcefalia em vinte vezes. Esta malformação foi associada pelo Ministério da Saúde à transmissão vertical do Zika vírus (ZIKV).

Método:

Investigamos dez lactentes com diagnóstico clínico presumido de microcefalia relacionada à ZIKV, que apresentavam anormalidades oculares, nascidos entre maio e dezembro de 2015.

Resultados:

Sete mães (70,0%) relataram sintomas (mal-estar, rash e artralgia) durante a gestação, sendo seis (85,7%) no primeiro trimestre. No dia da avaliação nenhuma alteração ocular foi identificada nas mães e elas não relataram sintomas oculares durante a gestação. Sorologia foi negativa para toxoplasmose, rubéola, citomegalovírus, sífilis e vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida (HIV) em todos os lactentes. Os achados oculares incluíram alterações maculares (depósito pigmentar grosseiro e/ou atrofia coriorretiniana) em 15 olhos (75,0%) e alterações do nervo óptico (hipoplasia do disco com sinal do duplo anel, palidez e/ou aumento da escavação papilar) em nove olhos (45,0%).

Conclusões:

Os pacientes apresentaram segmento anterior normal e importantes e anormalidades maculares e do nervo óptico. Estudos futuros vão avaliar a importância destas alterações visuais.

Descritores:
Microcefalia; Zika vírus; Achados oculares; Transmissão vertical, Retina

INTRODUCTION

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a neurotropic flavivirus related to the Dengue, Yellow Fever and West Nile viruses(11 Balm MN, Lee CK, Lee HK, Chiu L, Koay ES, Tang JW. A diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay for Zika virus. Journal of medical virology 2012;84:1501-5.). Even though it was first identified in the world in 1947(11 Balm MN, Lee CK, Lee HK, Chiu L, Koay ES, Tang JW. A diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay for Zika virus. Journal of medical virology 2012;84:1501-5.), the first autochthone transmission in Brazil was confirmed only in April 2015(22 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. Protocolo de vigilância e resposta à ocorrência de microcefalia relacionada à infecção pelo vírus Zika / Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. - Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015:1-55. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/dezembro/09/Microcefalia---Protocolo-de-vigil--ncia-e-resposta---vers--o-1----09dez2015-8h.pdf [Accessed: January 15, 2015].
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/p...
). Since then, it is estimated that more than one million Brazilians had ZIKV infection, reflecting the virus' capacity to cause large-scale outbreaks where the biological vector Aedes aegypti is endemic(22 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. Protocolo de vigilância e resposta à ocorrência de microcefalia relacionada à infecção pelo vírus Zika / Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. - Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015:1-55. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/dezembro/09/Microcefalia---Protocolo-de-vigil--ncia-e-resposta---vers--o-1----09dez2015-8h.pdf [Accessed: January 15, 2015].
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/p...
,33 Centro de Operações de Emergências em Saúde Pública sobre Microcefalias (COES). Monitoramento dos casos de microcefalia no Brasil até a Semana Epidemiológica 47. Informe Epidemiológico - Semana Epidemiológica 47. 2015. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/novembro/30/coes-microcefalias---informe-epidemiol--gico---se-47.pdf. [Accessed: December 17, 2015].
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/p...
).

Six months following the beginning of the ZIKV outbreak, there was an unusual increase in newborns with microcephaly in Brazil. In 2015, 1,248 new suspect cases were registered, representing a twenty-fold increase when compared to recent years(33 Centro de Operações de Emergências em Saúde Pública sobre Microcefalias (COES). Monitoramento dos casos de microcefalia no Brasil até a Semana Epidemiológica 47. Informe Epidemiológico - Semana Epidemiológica 47. 2015. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/novembro/30/coes-microcefalias---informe-epidemiol--gico---se-47.pdf. [Accessed: December 17, 2015].
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/p...
).

Maternal-fetal transmission of ZIKV has been previously demonstrated(44 Besnard M, Lastère S, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau VM, Musso D. Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(13):pii=20751. Available at: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20751
http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArti...
). In Brazil, ZIKV has been detected in the amniotic fluid of two pregnant women of babies with microcephaly and in the tissue of a newborn with microcephaly that died after birth(33 Centro de Operações de Emergências em Saúde Pública sobre Microcefalias (COES). Monitoramento dos casos de microcefalia no Brasil até a Semana Epidemiológica 47. Informe Epidemiológico - Semana Epidemiológica 47. 2015. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/novembro/30/coes-microcefalias---informe-epidemiol--gico---se-47.pdf. [Accessed: December 17, 2015].
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/p...
). Thus, the Brazilian Ministry of Health has associated this malformation with ZIKV intra-uterus infection(33 Centro de Operações de Emergências em Saúde Pública sobre Microcefalias (COES). Monitoramento dos casos de microcefalia no Brasil até a Semana Epidemiológica 47. Informe Epidemiológico - Semana Epidemiológica 47. 2015. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/novembro/30/coes-microcefalias---informe-epidemiol--gico---se-47.pdf. [Accessed: December 17, 2015].
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/p...
).

Our group recently published the first report on retinal findings of three infants with microcephaly and presumed ZIKV vertical infection.(55 Ventura CV, Maia M, Bravo-Filho V, Gois AL, Belfort Jr R. Zika virus in Brazil and macular atrophy in a child with microcephaly. Lancet. 2015. Published Online: 07 January 2016. Available at: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736 (16)00006-4/abstract
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet...
) Here we assessed more patients through a complete ophthalmological exam and report our findings.

METHODS

We report the findings of 10 infants with microcephaly, as defined by an occipitofrontal circumference more than two standard deviations below the mean for age and sex(33 Centro de Operações de Emergências em Saúde Pública sobre Microcefalias (COES). Monitoramento dos casos de microcefalia no Brasil até a Semana Epidemiológica 47. Informe Epidemiológico - Semana Epidemiológica 47. 2015. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/novembro/30/coes-microcefalias---informe-epidemiol--gico---se-47.pdf. [Accessed: December 17, 2015].
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/p...
), with clinical diagnosis of ZIKV vertical infection, and previously diagnosed with ophthalmological abnormalities referred to the Altino Ventura Foundation, in Recife, Brazil, for ophthalmologic examination on December 14, 2015.

RESULTS

Six (60.0%) were female. Their mean age at the day of the exam was 1.9 ± 0.9 months (range: 0.7 to 2.9 months). Computerized tomography scans evidenced cerebral calcifications in all patients. They were born during the ZIKV infection outbreak, and seven (70.0%) of the mothers had dengue-like symptoms (malaise, rash and arthralgia) during pregnancy, of which six (85.7%) were in the first trimester. The mean age of mothers' at labor was 29.1 ± 7.3 years (range: 19 to 42 years). Since the infants had negative serology for Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), they were clinically diagnosed with presumable intra-uterus ZIKV infection. At birth, their mean gestational age was 38.3 ± 0.5 weeks (range: 37.6 to 39 weeks), their mean cephalic perimeter was 28.8 ± 1.5 cm (range: 26 to 31.5 cm), and their mean weight was 2,901 ± 461.6 g (range: 2,105 to 3,800 g).

The mothers' ocular examinations were normal. The infants had normal anterior segment structures; a mean axial length measured with immersion ultrasound of 18.4 ± 0.6 mm (range: 17.6 to 19.3 mm) in the right eye (OD) and 18.3 ± 0.4 mm (range: 17.6 to 19.1 mm) in the left eye (OS).

Horizontal nystagmus was observed in one infant (10.0%). Pupils were normally reactive, with no afferent pupillary defect, and Hirschberg testing revealed exophoria in four patients (40.0%) and esophoria in two (20.0%). Cycloplegic refraction showed a mean spherical equivalent of -0.40 ± 2.40 diopters (D) (range: -3.50 to +2.00) in OD and 0 ± 2.50 D (range: -3.00 to 3.50 D) in OS. The preferential looking behavior of all infants was present.

Retinal evaluation revealed, optic nerve and macular alterations were 17 eyes (85%) (Table 1). Optic nerve findings consisted of hypoplasia with the double-ring sign, pallor, and increased cup-to-disk ratio. The macular abnormalities were foveal reflex loss, mild to gross pigment mottling and sharply demarcated circular areas of chorioretinal atrophy (Figure 1-3). In all eyes, the retina and choroid were attached, and the retinal vessels had normal distribution and appearance.

Table 1
Funduscopic findings in ten infants with microcephaly and presumable intra-uterus Zika virus infection

Figure 1
Wide-angle fundus image (Retcam®) of the right eye of infant number 8 showing an optic disc hypoplasia with double-ring sign associated with one sharply demarcated chorioretinal atrophy on the macula.
Figure 2
Wide-angle fundus image (Retcam®) of the right eye of infant number 10 with microcephaly showing an optic disc hypoplasia associated with gross macular pigment mottling.
Figure 3
Wide-angle fundus image (Retcam®) of the left eye of infant number 10 with microcephaly showing an optic disc hypoplasia associated with gross macular pigment mottling and two juxtafoveal chorioretinal atrophic lesions.

DISCUSSION

The 2015 Brazilian ZIKV infection outbreak was the first to have an association between this virus and the severe complication of newborns with microcephaly(22 Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. Protocolo de vigilância e resposta à ocorrência de microcefalia relacionada à infecção pelo vírus Zika / Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. - Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015:1-55. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/dezembro/09/Microcefalia---Protocolo-de-vigil--ncia-e-resposta---vers--o-1----09dez2015-8h.pdf [Accessed: January 15, 2015].
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/p...
,33 Centro de Operações de Emergências em Saúde Pública sobre Microcefalias (COES). Monitoramento dos casos de microcefalia no Brasil até a Semana Epidemiológica 47. Informe Epidemiológico - Semana Epidemiológica 47. 2015. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/novembro/30/coes-microcefalias---informe-epidemiol--gico---se-47.pdf. [Accessed: December 17, 2015].
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/p...
). In January 2016, we published the first report of funduscopic lesions related to this condition(55 Ventura CV, Maia M, Bravo-Filho V, Gois AL, Belfort Jr R. Zika virus in Brazil and macular atrophy in a child with microcephaly. Lancet. 2015. Published Online: 07 January 2016. Available at: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736 (16)00006-4/abstract
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet...
). In the present paper, we report the ophthalmologic assessment of 10 infants with abnormal ophthalmic exam, born with ZIKV-related microcephaly.

Seven mothers had dengue-like symptoms in the first or second trimester of pregnancy, and Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and HIV were ruled out by serology. Since approximately 80% of patients with ZIKV infection are asymptomatic, the lack of symptoms does not rule out the infection(33 Centro de Operações de Emergências em Saúde Pública sobre Microcefalias (COES). Monitoramento dos casos de microcefalia no Brasil até a Semana Epidemiológica 47. Informe Epidemiológico - Semana Epidemiológica 47. 2015. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/novembro/30/coes-microcefalias---informe-epidemiol--gico---se-47.pdf. [Accessed: December 17, 2015].
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/p...
). Additionally, the only available method to diagnose ZIKV infection is real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which is useful to detect the virus in the acute phase of illness (first 5 days of acute infection). Since the dengue-like symptoms were present months before labor, this test is not helpful in confirming the infection in our infants(33 Centro de Operações de Emergências em Saúde Pública sobre Microcefalias (COES). Monitoramento dos casos de microcefalia no Brasil até a Semana Epidemiológica 47. Informe Epidemiológico - Semana Epidemiológica 47. 2015. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/novembro/30/coes-microcefalias---informe-epidemiol--gico---se-47.pdf. [Accessed: December 17, 2015].
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/p...
). Thus, the diagnosis of Zika-related microcephaly was considered when the clinical criteria of the Brazilian Ministry of Health was fulfilled(33 Centro de Operações de Emergências em Saúde Pública sobre Microcefalias (COES). Monitoramento dos casos de microcefalia no Brasil até a Semana Epidemiológica 47. Informe Epidemiológico - Semana Epidemiológica 47. 2015. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/novembro/30/coes-microcefalias---informe-epidemiol--gico---se-47.pdf. [Accessed: December 17, 2015].
http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/p...
).

All patients had normal anterior segment structures and axial length(66 Gordon RA, Donzis PB. Refractive development of the human eye. Archives of ophthalmology 1985;103:785-9.). Four patients (40.0%) presented myopia, differently than the hyperopia usually seen in infants(66 Gordon RA, Donzis PB. Refractive development of the human eye. Archives of ophthalmology 1985;103:785-9.).

The West Nile Virus, another flavivirus, can cause chorioretinal scars and granularity when maternal-fetal transmission occurs(77 Alpert SG, Fergerson J, Noel LP. Intrauterine West Nile virus: ocular and systemic findings. American journal of ophthalmology 2003;136:733-5.). In our previous report of three cases of intra-uterus ZIKV infection, gross macular pigment mottling and macular chorioretinal atrophy were detected(55 Ventura CV, Maia M, Bravo-Filho V, Gois AL, Belfort Jr R. Zika virus in Brazil and macular atrophy in a child with microcephaly. Lancet. 2015. Published Online: 07 January 2016. Available at: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736 (16)00006-4/abstract
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet...
). Similarly, in the present report, fifteen eyes (75.0%) had these macular abnormalities, which had not been reported in other ZIKV outbreaks worldwide(55 Ventura CV, Maia M, Bravo-Filho V, Gois AL, Belfort Jr R. Zika virus in Brazil and macular atrophy in a child with microcephaly. Lancet. 2015. Published Online: 07 January 2016. Available at: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736 (16)00006-4/abstract
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet...
). In addition, optic nerve alterations were observed for the first time. Nine eyes (45.0%) had optic nerve hypoplasia, pallor and increased cup-to-disk ratio. Optic nerve hypoplasia has been previously associated with cytomegalovirus intra-uterus infection(88 Kaur S, Jain S, Sodhi HB, Rastogi A, Hamlesh. Optic nerve hypoplasia. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2013 May; 6(2)77-82.). However, in the present series, these other causes of the chorioretinal and optic nerve abnormalities were ruled out(99 Mets MB, Chhabra MS. Eye manifestations of intrauterine infections and their impact on childhood blindness. Survey of ophthalmology 2008;53:95-111.).

The physiopathology of the lesions presented by these infants may be related to the virus or toxin leading to an inflammatory reaction. This could result in severe cerebral findings (abnormal development and cerebral calcification), as well as ocular lesions. We hypothesize that ZIKV may cause more severe ocular abnormalities when the infection occurs in the first or second trimester of pregnancy, following the reasoning of other vertical infections, such as Toxoplasmosis, Rubella and Cytomegalovirus(99 Mets MB, Chhabra MS. Eye manifestations of intrauterine infections and their impact on childhood blindness. Survey of ophthalmology 2008;53:95-111.). Furthermore, other unknown factors such as the amount of viral circulation and the immunologic response of mother and fetus, may play an important role on the abnormalities observed in the newborns.

In conclusion, we reported the ophthalmologic findings of 10 infants with ZIKV-related microcephaly born during the ZIKV infection outbreak in Brazil with abnormal ocular exams. The patients had normal anterior segment structures, and important macular and optic nerve abnormalities. Further studies will assess the visual significance of these alterations, which will be important to understand the natural history of this new and devastating manifestation of the ZIKV disease.

  • Funding: No specific financial support was available for this study.
  • Approved by the following research ethics committee: Altino Ventura Foundation (protocol #1.361.143) and was conducted at the Altino Ventura Foundation.

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Balm MN, Lee CK, Lee HK, Chiu L, Koay ES, Tang JW. A diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay for Zika virus. Journal of medical virology 2012;84:1501-5.
  • 2
    Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. Protocolo de vigilância e resposta à ocorrência de microcefalia relacionada à infecção pelo vírus Zika / Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Departamento de Vigilância das Doenças Transmissíveis. - Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2015:1-55. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/dezembro/09/Microcefalia---Protocolo-de-vigil--ncia-e-resposta---vers--o-1----09dez2015-8h.pdf [Accessed: January 15, 2015].
    » http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/dezembro/09/Microcefalia---Protocolo-de-vigil--ncia-e-resposta---vers--o-1----09dez2015-8h.pdf
  • 3
    Centro de Operações de Emergências em Saúde Pública sobre Microcefalias (COES). Monitoramento dos casos de microcefalia no Brasil até a Semana Epidemiológica 47. Informe Epidemiológico - Semana Epidemiológica 47. 2015. Available at: http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/novembro/30/coes-microcefalias---informe-epidemiol--gico---se-47.pdf. [Accessed: December 17, 2015].
    » http://portalsaude.saude.gov.br/images/pdf/2015/novembro/30/coes-microcefalias---informe-epidemiol--gico---se-47.pdf
  • 4
    Besnard M, Lastère S, Teissier A, Cao-Lormeau VM, Musso D. Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014. Euro Surveill. 2014;19(13):pii=20751. Available at: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20751
    » http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=20751
  • 5
    Ventura CV, Maia M, Bravo-Filho V, Gois AL, Belfort Jr R. Zika virus in Brazil and macular atrophy in a child with microcephaly. Lancet. 2015. Published Online: 07 January 2016. Available at: http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736 (16)00006-4/abstract
    » http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736 (16)00006-4/abstract
  • 6
    Gordon RA, Donzis PB. Refractive development of the human eye. Archives of ophthalmology 1985;103:785-9.
  • 7
    Alpert SG, Fergerson J, Noel LP. Intrauterine West Nile virus: ocular and systemic findings. American journal of ophthalmology 2003;136:733-5.
  • 8
    Kaur S, Jain S, Sodhi HB, Rastogi A, Hamlesh. Optic nerve hypoplasia. Oman J Ophthalmol. 2013 May; 6(2)77-82.
  • 9
    Mets MB, Chhabra MS. Eye manifestations of intrauterine infections and their impact on childhood blindness. Survey of ophthalmology 2008;53:95-111.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Jan-Feb 2016

History

  • Received
    15 Jan 2016
  • Accepted
    17 Jan 2016
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