Abstract
The oil palm sector is one of the major plantation industries in Malaysia. Palm kernel cake is a byproduct of extracted palm kernel oil. Mostly palm kernel cake is wasted or is mixed with other nutrients and used as animal feed, especially for ruminant animals. Recently, palm kernel cake has been identified as an important ingredient for the formulation of animal feed, and it is also exported especially to Europe, South Korea, and Japan. It can barely be consumed by nonruminant (monogastric) animals owing to the high percentages of hemicellulose and cellulose contents. Palm kernel cake must undergo suitable pretreatment in order to decrease the percentage of hemicellulose and cellulose. One of the methods employed in this study is fermentation with microorganisms, particularly fungi, to partially degrade the hemicellulose and cellulose content. This work focused on the production of enzymes by Aspergillus niger and profiling using palm kernel cake as carbon source.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yeong, S. W., Mukherjee, T. K., and Hutagalung, R. I. (1981), in Proceedings of National Workshop on Oil Palm By-product Utilization, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 100–107.
Collingwood, J. G. (1958), in Processed Plant Protein Foodstuff, Academic, New York, pp. 102, 103.
Tang, T. S. (2001), Palm Oil Dev. 34, 1–3.
Hutagulung, R. I., Mahyuddin, M. D., and Jalaludin, S. (1982), in Proceedings of the Oil Palm in Eighties Vol II, Pushparajah, P. and Chew, P. S., eds., Kuala Lumpur, pp. 609–622.
McDonald, P., Edwards, R. A., and Greenhalgh, J. F. D. (1982), Animal Nutrition, 3rd ed., Longman, London, UK.
Osei, S. A. and Amo, J. (1987), Poultry Sci. 66, 1870–1873.
Barbesgaard, P. (1977), in British Mycology Society Symposium Series No. 1, Smith, J. E. and Pateman, J. A., eds., Academic, London, pp. 391–404.
Bennett, J. W. (1985), in Molecular Genetics of Filamentous Fungi, Timberlake, W. E., ed., Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 345–366.
Ademark, P., Varga, A., Medve, J., Harjunpää, V., Drakenberg, T., Tjerneld, F., and Stålbrand, H. (1998), J. Biotechnol. 63, 199–210.
Papagianni, M., Nokes, S. E., and Filer, K. (1999), Process Biochem. 35, 397–402.
Becerra, M. and Gonzalez Siso, M. I. (1996), Enzyme Microb. Technol. 19, 39–44.
El-Batal, A. I. and Abdel Karem, H. (2001), Food Res. Int. 34, 715–720.
Ashokkumar, B., Kayalvizhi, N., and Gunasekaran, P. (2001), Process Biochem. 37, 331–338.
Asther, M., Haon, M., Roussos, S., Record, E., Delattre, M., Lesage-Meessen, L., Labat, M., and Asther, M. (2002), Process Biochem. 38, 685–691.
Viniegra-González, G., Favela-Torres, E., Aguilar, C. N., Rómero-Gomez, S. de J., Díaz-Godínez, G., and Augur, C. (2003), Biochem. Eng. J. 13, 157–167.
Ling, S. K. (1994), MSc thesis, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Mulimani, V. H. and Patil Ramalingam, G. N. (2000), Biochem. Educ. 28, 161–163.
Bailey, M. J., Biely, P., and Poutanen, K. (1992), J. Biotechnol. 23, 257–270.
George, S. P., Ahmad, A., and Rao, M. B. (2001), Bioresour. Technol. 78, 221–224.
Miller, G. L. (1959), Anal. Chem. 34, 426–428.
Zheng, Z. and Shetty, K. (2000), Process Biochem. 35, 825–830.
Harland, B. F. and Harland, J. (1980), Cereal Chem. 57(3), 226–229.
Bradford, M. M. (1976), Anal. Biochem. 72, 248–254.
Nair, V. C. and Duvnjak, Z. (1990), Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 34, 183–188.
Ebune, A., Al-Asheh, S., and Duvnjak, Z. (1995), Bioresour. Technol. 53, 7–12.
Ghildyal, N. P., Ramakrishna, M., Lonsane, B. K., and Karanth, N. G. (1991), Process Biochem. 26, 235–241.
Ikasari, L. and Mitchell, D. A. (1996), Enzyme Microb. Technol. 19, 171–175.
Langone, M. A. P., Coelho, M. V., Medronho, R. A., Leite, S. G. F., and Couri, S. (1996), Braz. J. Chem. Eng. 13, 1–7.
Castilho, L. R., Medronho, R. A., and Alves, T. L. M. (2000), Bioresour. Technol. 71, 45–50.
Mohd Jaafar, D. and Jarvis, M. C. (1992), Phytochemistry 31(2), 463, 464.
Noraini, S., Vikineswary, S., Mohd-Jaafar, D., and Marini, A. M. (2000), in Proceedings of 22nd MSAP Annual Conference.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ong, L.G.A., Abd-Aziz, S., Noraini, S. et al. Enzyme production and profile by Aspergillus niger during solid substrate fermentation using palm kernel cake as substrate. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 118, 73–79 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1385/ABAB:118:1-3:073
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/ABAB:118:1-3:073