Pharmacopsychiatry 2009; 42: S2-S10
DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1215598
Original Paper

© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York

Philosophy of Neuroscience and Options of Systems Science

F. Tretter 1 , P. J. Gebicke-Haerter 2
  • 1Department of Addictions Isar Amper Clinics, Clinic Munich East, Haar/Munich, Germany
  • 2Department of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
Further Information

Publication History

Publication Date:
11 May 2009 (online)

Abstract

Molecular biology as a research approach in psychiatry has gathered a huge amount of data that can hardly be used for explanation of mental disorders by cellular dysfunctions. In a philosophical sense “explanation” means the application of general laws on specific cases. This is more than description. Most findings of molecular biology only help to describe these processes more in detail. On contrary, systems biology aims to create a computer-based model of the cell. For this project mathematics plays a crucial role. In that respect systems biology also provides tools for data analysis.

References

  • 1 Ahn AC, Tewari M, Poon CS. et al . The limits of reductionism in medicine: could systems biology offer an alternative?.  PLoS Med. 2006a;  3 ((6)) e208
  • 2 Ahn AC, Tewari M, Poon CS. et al . The clinical applications of a systems approach.  PLoS Med. 2006b;  3 ((7)) e209
  • 3 Alon U. Systems Biology – Design principles of biological circuits. New York: Chapman & Hall 2007
  • 4 Arbib MA. ed. The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks, 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2002
  • 5 Arbib MA, Grethe JS. Computing the brain: A guide to neuroinformatics. San Diego: Academic Press 2001
  • 6 Bedau MA, Humphreys P,. eds Emergence – contemporary readings in philosophy and science. London: MIT Press 2007
  • 7 Bender W, Albus M, Möller HJ. et al . Towards systemic theories in biological psychiatry.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006;  39 ((Suppl.1)) S4-S9
  • 8 Bennett MR, Hacker PMS. Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience. New York: Wiley 2003
  • 9 Bertalanffy Lv. General system theory. New York: Braziller 1968
  • 10 Boccara N. Modeling complex systems. Berlin: Springer 2004
  • 11 Bunge M. Philosophy of Science. Vol. 2. London: Transaction Publishers 1998
  • 12 Dayan P, Abbott L. Theoretical Neuroscience. Computational and mathematical modeling of neural systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2005
  • 13 Dayan P, Williams J. Putting computation back into computational modeling.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006;  39 ((Supp.1)) S50-S51
  • 14 Dennett DC. Sweet dreams. Philosophical obstacles to a science of consciousness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2006
  • 15 Durstewitz D. A few important points about dopamine`s role in neural network dynamics.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006;  39 ((Suppl. 1)) S72-S75
  • 16 Edelman GM, Tononi G. Wie aus Materie Bewusstsein entsteht. München: Dtv 2002
  • 17 FMRE, Federal Ministery of Research and Education Systems Biology. . http://www.bmbf.e/pub/systembiologie.pdf http://www.forschung.bmbf.de/press/785.php 2006; 
  • 18 Fishwick PA. ed Handbook of dynamic system modeling. New York:Chapman & Hall 2007
  • 19 Forrester J. Urban dynamics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1961
  • 20 Gebicke-Haerter PJ. Systems biology in molecular psychiatry.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008;  41 ((Suppl 1)) S19-S27
  • 21 Haken H. Synergetics. An introduction. Berlin: Springer 1983
  • 22 Haubold B, Wiehe T. Introduction to computational biology. Basel: Birkhäuser 2006
  • 23 Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF. Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo.  J Physiol (Lond). 1952;  117 500-544
  • 24 Hoffman RE, MacGlashan TH. Using a speech perception neural network computer simulation to contrast neuroanatomic versus neuromodulatory models of auditory hallucinations.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006;  39 ((Suppl 1)) S54-S64
  • 25 Kell DB, Knowles JD. The role of modeling in systems biology. In: Szallasi Z, Stelling J, Periwal V, (Eds) System modeling in cellular biology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2006: 3-18
  • 26 Kitano H. Perspective on Systems Biology.  New Generation Computing. 2000;  18 199-216
  • 27 Kitano H ed. Foundations of Systems Biology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2001
  • 28 Kitano H. Systems Biology: a brief overview.  Science. 2002a;  295 1662-1664
  • 29 Kitano H. Computational Systems Biology.  Nature. 2002b;  420 206-210
  • 30 Klipp E, Herwig R, Kowald A. et al .Systems Biology in Practice. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH 2005
  • 31 Koza JR. Genetic programming: On the programming of computers by means of natural selection. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1992
  • 32 Lewin K. Field theory in social science: Selected theoretical papers by Kurt Lewin. London: Tavistock 1952
  • 33 Martin-Sangiuno A, Mendoza ER. Hybrid modeling in Computational Neuropsychiatry.  Pharmacopscyhiatry. 2008;  41 ((Suppl.1)) S85-S88
  • 34 Meinhardt H. Models of Biological Pattern Formation. London: Academic Press 1982
  • 35 Miyano S, Matsuno H. How to model and simulate biological pathways with Petri nets – a new challenge for systems biology.  25th Int Conf Appl Theory. , Petri Nets Bologna, Italy, 22 June 2004
  • 36 Murray JD. Mathematical Biology. Spatial models and biomedical applications. New York: Springer 2003
  • 37 Murray JD. An introduction to Mathematical Biology. An Introductory Course. New York: Springer 2004
  • 38 Nestler EJ. Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction?.  Nat Neurosci. 2005;  8 ((11)) 1445-1449
  • 39 Newton RG. From clockwork to crapshoot: a history of physics. Cambridge, MA: Pelknap Press of Harvard University Press 2007
  • 40 NIH . Systems Biology. http://www.nigms.nih.gov/initiatives/sysbio/ 2007; 
  • 41 Noble D. Music of life. Biology beyond genes. New York: Oxford Univ. Press 2008
  • 42 Palsson BO. Systems Biology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ Press 2006
  • 43 Paulsson J, Elf J. Modeling molecular of intracellular kinetics. In: Szallasi Z, Periwal V, Stelling J, eds System, modeling in Cellular Biology. Cambridge; MA: MIT Press 2006: 149-176
  • 44 Pevzner P. Computational molecular biology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2000
  • 45 Periwal V, Szallasi Z, Stelling J. System modeling – why and how?. In: Szallasi Z, Periwal V, Stelling J (Ed) System, modeling in Cellular Biology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2005: vii-xiv
  • 46  . Prigogine I. Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes. 2nd Edition. New York: Wiley 1962
  • 47 Savageau M. Biochemical Systems Analysis: A Study of Function and Design in Molecular Biolog. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley 1976
  • 48 Searle JR. Mind. A Brief Introduction. New York: Oxford Univ Press 2005
  • 49 Singer W. Neuronal synchrony: a versatile code for the definition of relations?.  Neuron. 1999;  24 49-65
  • 50 Stelling J, Sauer UJ, Doyle F. et al .Complexity and robustness of cellular systems. In: Szallasi Z, Stelling J, Periwal V, ed System modeling in cellular biology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2006: 19-39
  • 51 Sterman J. Business dynamics. New York: MacGraw Hill 2000
  • 52 Strogatz StH. Nonlinear dynamics and chaos with applications to physics, biology, chemistry and engineering. New York: The Perseus Books Group 2001
  • 53 Szallasi Z, Stelling J, Periwal V. ed System modeling in cellular biology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 2006
  • 54 Tretter F. Systemwissenschaft in der Medizin.  Dtsch Arztebl. 1989;  43 3198-3209
  • 55 Tretter F. Systemtheorie im klinischen Kontext. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publisher 2005
  • 56 Tretter F. Die Gehirn-Geist-Debatte. Wissenschaftstheoretische Probleme in Hinblick auf die Psychiatrie. [The brain-mind debate. Problems in the philosophy of science with regard to psychiatry].  Nervenarzt. 2007;  78 ((5)) , 498 501-504
  • 57 Tretter F, Scherer J. Schizophrenia, Neurobiology and the Methodology of systemic modeling.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006;  39 ((Suppl 1)) S22-S35
  • 58 Tretter F, Albus M. Computational neuropsychiatry of working memory disorders in schizophrenia: the network connectivity in prefrontal cortex – data and models.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2007;  40 ((Suppl 1)) S2-S16
  • 59 Tretter F, Müller W, Carlsson A. , eds Systems Science, Computational Science and Neurobiology of Schizophrenia.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006;  39 ((Suppl. 1))
  • 60 Tretter F, Albus M. Systems biology and psychiatry – modeling molecular and cellular networks of mental disorders.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008;  41 ((Suppl 1)) S2-S18
  • 61 Tretter F, Gallinat J, Müller W. , (Eds) Systems Biology and psychiatry.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008;  41 ((Suppl. 1))
  • 62 Tyson JJ. Bringing cartoons to life.  Nature. 2007;  445 823
  • 63 Voit E. Computational Analysis of Biochemical Systems. Cambridge; UK: Cambridge Univ. Press 2000
  • 64 Voit E, Qi Z, Miller GW. Steps of modeling complex biological systems.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008;  41 ((Suppl. 1)) S78-S84
  • 65 Walker B, Holling CS, Carpenter SR. et al . Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social – ecological systems. Ecology and Society.  2004;  9 ((2)) 5 , [online] http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art5/
  • 66 Watts DJ, Strogatz S. Collective dynamics of ‘Small world’ networks.  Nature. 1998;  393 440-442
  • 67 West R. Theory of addiction. Oxford, UK: Addiction Press, Blackwell 2006
  • 68 Wolfram St. A New Kind of Science. Champaign, IL.: Wolfram Media 2002
  • 69 Wang XJ. Toward a prefrontal microcircuit model for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.  Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006;  39 ((Suppl. 1)) S80-S87

Correspondence

Prof.Dr. F. Tretter

Department of Addiction

Isar Amper Clinics

Clinic Munich East

85529 Haar/Munich

Germany

Phone: +49/89/4562 3708

Fax: +49/89/4562 3754

Email: Felix.Tretter@IAK-KMO.de

    >