Skip to main content
Log in

Dermatoglyphics, Handedness, Sex, and Sexual Orientation

  • Published:
Archives of Sexual Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Both handedness and dermatoglyphic asymmetry reflect early, prenatal influences and both have been reported to be associated with male sexual orientation; handedness has been related to female sexual orientation as well. Neurohormonal and developmental perturbation are two competing hypothesis that attempt to explain these connections. We attempted to replicate these associations and to extend dermatoglyphic asymmetry findings to women. Dermatoglyphic directional asymmetry and fluctuating asymmetry were unrelated to sexual orientation. Homosexual women, but not homosexual men, had highly significant increases in non–right-handedness compared with same-sex heterosexual controls. Although this pattern of results does not allow resolution of the two competing models, it does lend additional support to a biological basis of sexual orientation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Achs, R., Harder, R. C., & Siegel, M. (1966). Unusual dermatoglyphic findings associated with rubella embryopathy. New England Journal of Medicine, 274, 148-150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, M. S., & Niswander, J. D. (1967). Developmental "noise" and a congenital malformation. Genetic Research, 10, 313-317.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andermann, E., Dansky, L., Andermann. F., & Loughan, P. M. (1981). Dermatoglyphic changes and minor congenital malformations associated with maternal use of anticonvulsant drugs during pregnancy. In M. Dam, L. Gram, & J. K. Perry (Eds.), Advances in epileptology: 12th Epilepsy International Symposium (pp. 613-620). New York: Raven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Annett, M. (1985). Left, right, hand, and brain: The right shift theory. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J. M., Dunne, M. P., & Martin, N. G. (2000). Genetic and environmental influences on sexual orientation and its correlates in an Australian twin sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 524-536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J. M., Gaulin, S., Agyei, Y., & Gladue, B. A. (1994). Effects of gender and sexual orientation on evolutionarily relevant aspects of human mating psychology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1081-1093.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J. M., & Zucker, K. J. (1995). Childhood sex-typed behavior and sexual orientation: A conceptual analysis and quantitative review. Developmental Psychology, 31, 43-55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, J. M., & Pillard, R. C. (1991). A genetic study of male sexual orientation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1089-1096.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, D. V. M. (1990). Handedness and developmental disorders. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouchard, T. J., Lykken, D. T., McGue, M., Segal, N. L., & Tellegen, A. (1990). Sources of human psychological differences: The Minnesota study of twins reared apart. Science, 250, 223-228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryden, M. P., McManus, I. C., & Bulman-Fleming, M. B. (1994). Evaluating the empirical support for the Geschwind-Behan-Galaburda model of cerebral lateralization. Brain and Cognition, 26, 103-167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byne, W., & Parsons, B. (1993). Human homosexuality: The biologic theories reappraised. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 228-239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byne, W., Tobet, S., Mattiace, L., Lasco, M. S., Kemether, E., Edgar, M. A., Morgello, S., Buchsbaum, M. S., & Jones, L. B. (2001). The interstitial nuclei of the human anterior hypothalamus: An investigation of variation with sex, sexual orientation, and HIV status. Hormones and Behavior, 40, 86-92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byyny, R. L., Orth, D. N., & Cohen S. (1972). Radioimmunoassay of epidermal growth factor. Endocrinology, 90, 1261-1266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, M. M. (1957). Left-handedness: Laterality characteristics and their educational implications. London: University of London Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1983). The cost of dichotomization. Applied Psychological Measurement, 7, 249-253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coren, S. (1993). Measurement of handedness via self-report: The relationship between brief and extended inventories. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 1035-1042.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, H., & Midlo, C. (1961). Finger prints, palms, and soles. New York: Dover.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dittmar, M. (1998). Finger ridge-count asymmetry and diversity of Andean Indians and interpopulation comparisons. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 105, 377-393.

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Hani, C. N., Moreira, L. M. A., Souza, A. L.V., Silva, M. S., Forastieri, V., & Andrade, C. P. (in press). Evidence against a relationship between dermatoglyphic asymmetry and male sexual orientation. Human Biology.

  • Ellis, L., & Ames, M. A. (1987). Neurohormonal functioning and sexual orientation:Atheory of homosexuality/heterosexuality. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 233-258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geschwind, N., & Galaburda, A. M. (1985). Cerebral lateralization: Biological mechanisms, association and pathology: A hypothesis and a program for research. I-III. Archives of Neurology, 43, 428-459, 521-552, 634-654.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gangestad, S. W., Yeo, R. A., Shaw, P., Thoma, R., Daniel, W. F., & Korthank, A. (1996). Human leukocyte antigens and hand preference: Preliminary observations. Neuropsychology, 10, 432-428.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gladue, B. A., & Bailey, J. M. (1995). Sexual orientation and aggressiveness. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 20, 475-485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, M. F., Bracha, H. S., Satz, P., & Christenson, C. D. (1994). Preliminary evidence for an association between minor physical anomalies and second trimester neurodevelopment in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 53, 119-127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, R., & Young, R. (2000). Fingerprint asymmetry in male and female transsexuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 933-942.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. A. Y., & Kimura, D. (1994). Dermatoglyphic asymmetry and sexual orientation in men. Behavioral Neuroscience, 108, 1203-1206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, L. S. (2000a). Dermatoglyphic analysis of monozygotic twins discordant for sexual orientation. In N. M. Durham, K. M. Fox, & C. C. Plato (Eds.), The state of dermatoglyphics: The science of finger and palm prints (Vol. 2, pp. 123-165). Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, L. S. (2000b). Dermatoglyphic analysis of total ridge count in female monozygotic twins discordant for sexual orientation. Journal of Sex Research, 37, 315-320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamer, D. H., Hu, S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N., & Pattatucci, A. M. L. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation. Science, 261, 321-327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helleday, J., Siwers, B., Ritzer, E. M., & Hugdahl, K. (1994). Normal lateralization for handedness and ear advantage in verbal dichotic listening task inwomen with congenital adrenal hyperplacia (CAH). Neuropsychologia, 32, 875-880.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepper, P. G., Shahidullah, S., & White, R. (1991). Handedness in the human fetus. Neuropsychologia, 29, 1107-1111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, S. B. (1968). The genetics of dermal ridges. Springfield, IL: Charles CThomas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu, S., Pattatucci, A., Patterson, C., Li, L., Fulker, D., Cherny, S., et al. (1995). Linkage between sexual orientation and chromosome Xq28 in males but not in females. Nature Genetics, 11, 248-256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamison, S. C. (1988). Palmar dermatoglyphics in dyslexia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 76, 505-513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamison, C. S., Jamison, P., & Meier, R. (1994). Effects of prenatal testosterone administration of palmar dermatoglyphic intercore ridge counts of Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 94, 409-419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamison, C. S., Meier, R., & Campbell, B. C. (1993). Dermatoglyphic asymmetry and testosterone levels in normal males. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 90, 185-198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelso, W. M., Nicholls, M. E. R., Warne, G. L., & Zacharin, M. (2000). Cerebral lateralization and cognitive functioning in patients with congenital adrenal hyerplasia. Neuropsychology, 14, 370-378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia: Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, D., & Carson, M.W. (1993). Cognitive pattern and finger ridge asymmetry. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 19, 560.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korsching, S., & Thoenen, H. (1983). Nerve growth factor in sympathetic ganglia and corresponding target organs of rats: Correlation and density of sympathetic innervation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 80, 3513-3516.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalumière, M. L., Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J. (2000). Sexual orientation and handedness in men and women: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 575-592.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeVay, S. (1991). A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. Science, 253, 1034-1037.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levi-Montalcini, R., & Angeletti, P. U. (1963). Essential role of the nerve growth factor in the survival and maintenance of dissociated sensory and sympathetic embryonic nerve cells in vitro. Developmental Biology, 7, 653-659.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loesch, D. Z., Lafranchi, M., & Huggins, R. (1992). A new anthropometric scale for discrimination between sexes. Annals of Human Biology, 19, 177-184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markow, T. A., & Gottesman, I. I. (1989). Fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetry in psychotic twins. Psychiatry Research, 29, 37-43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markow, T. A., & Wandler, K. (1986). Fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetry and the genetics of liability to schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 19, 323-328.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCartney, G., & Hepper, P. (1999). Development of lateralized behaviour in the human fetus from 12 to 27 weeks' gestation. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 41, 83-86.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, C. M., & Witelson, S. F. (1991). A cognitive profile of homosexual men compared to heterosexual men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 16, 459-473.

    Google Scholar 

  • McFadden, D., & Pasanen, E. G. (1998). Comparison of the auditory systems of heterosexuals and homosexuals: Click-evoked otoacoustic emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95, 2709-2713.

    Google Scholar 

  • McManus, I. C. (1985). Handedness, language dominance, and aphasia: A genetic model. [Monograph] Psychological Medicine (Suppl. 8).

  • McManus, I. C., & Bryden, M. P. (1991). Geschwind's theory of cerebral lateralization: Developing a formal, causal model. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 237-253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellor, C. S. (1993). Dermatoglyphic evidence of fluctuating asymmetry in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 467-472.

    Google Scholar 

  • Micle, S., & Kobyliansky, E. (1988). Sex difference in the intraindividual diversity of finger dermatoglyphics: Pattern types and ridge counts. Human Biology, 60, 123-134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nass, R., Baker, S., Speiser, P., Virdis, R., Balmaso, S., Cacciari, E., et al. (1987). Hormones and handedness: Left-hand bias in female congenital adrenal hyperplasia patients. Neurology, 37, 711-715.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naugler, C. T., & Ludman, M. D. (1996). Fluctuating asymmetry and disorders of developmental origin. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 66, 15-20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell-Morris, L. L., Fahrenbruch, G. P., & Sackett, G. P. (1989). Parental psychological stress, dermatoglyphic asymmetry and pregnancy outcomes in the pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Biology of the Neonate, 56, 61-75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory. (3rd ed). New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, A. R. (1994). Fluctuating asymmetry analyses: A primer. In T. A. Markow (Ed.), Developmental instability: Its origins and evolutionary implications (pp. 335-364). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perelle, I. B., & Ehrman, L. (1994). An international study of human handedness. Behavior Genetics, 24, 217-227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Qazi, Q. H., Masakawa, A., McGann, B., & Woods, J. (1980). Dermatoglyphic abnormalities in the fetal alcohol syndrome. Teratology, 21, 157-160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, M., Reiss, G., & Freye, H. A. (1986). Some aspects of self-reported hand preference. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 953-954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, M. (1997). Technical aspects of studying motor asymmetry. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 147, 275-278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice, G., Anderson, C., Risch, N., & Ebers, G. (1999). Male homosexuality: Absence of linkage to microsatellite markers at Xq28. Science, 284, 665-667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, L. I., Gabbe, S. G., Teicholz, L. E., Villee, D. B., & Williams, G. H. (1972). Dermatoglyphics associated with fetal wastage. New England Journal of Medicine, 287, 451-452.

    Google Scholar 

  • Searleman, A., Porac, C., & Coren, S. (1989). Relationship between birth order, birth stress, and lateral preference: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 397-408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seddon, B. M., & McManus, I. C. (1991). The incidence of lefthandedness: A meta-analysis. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University College London.

  • Schachter, S. C. (1994). Handedness in women with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Neuropsychologia, 32, 619-623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheirs, J. G. M., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (1995). Handedness and other laterality indices in women prenatally exposed to DES. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 725-730.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slabbekoorn, D., van Goozen, S. H., Sanders, G., Gooren, L. J., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2000). The dermatoglyphic characteristics of transsexuals: Is there evidence for an organizing effect of sex hormones. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25, 365-375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L. L., & Hines, M. (2000). Language lateralization and handedness in women prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Psychoneuroendocrinology, 25, 497-512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tønnessen, F. E. (1997). Testosterone and dyslexia. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 1, 51-58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tirosh, E., Rod, R., Cohen, A., & Hochberg, Z. (1993). Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and cerebral lateralizations. Pediatric Neurology, 9, 198-201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, I. L. (1972). Prenatal stress feminizes and demasculinizes the behavior of males. Science, 175, 82-84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, I. L., & Weisz, J. (1980). Maternal stress alters plasma testosterone in fetal males. Science, 207, 328-329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, T. J., Pepitone, M. E., Christensen, S. E., Cooke, B. M., Huberman, A. D., Breedlove, N. J., et al. (2000). Finger-length ratios and sexual orientation. Nature, 404, 455-456.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witelson, S. F., & Nowakowski, R. S. (1991). Left out axons make men right: A hypothesis for the origin of handedness and functional asymmetry. Neuropsycholgia, 29, 327-333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. M.,& Gianas, A. D. (1976). Congenital cleft lip and fluctuating dermatoglyphic asymmetry. American Journal of Human Genetics, 28, 400-403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. M., & Gianas, A. D. (1977). A study of fluctuating asymmetry in the sibs and parents of cleft lip propositi. American Journal of Human Genetics, 29, 503-507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, H. T., Parker, C. E., & Mavalwala, J. (1972). Unusual dermatoglyphic findings associated with Tomegliac Inclusion Disease in infancy. California Medicine, 116, 14-20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeo, R. A., & Gangestad, S. W. (1993). Developmental origins of variation in human hand preference. Genetica, 89, 281-296.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeo, R. A., & Gangestad, S. W. (1998). Developmental instability and phenotypic variation in neural organization. In N. Raz (Ed.), The other side of the error term (pp. 1-51). New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeo, R. A., Gangestad, S., & Daniel, W. F. (1993). Hand preference and developmental instability. Psychobiology, 21, 161-168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., Oliver, G., Blake, J., Fleming, S., & Hood, J. (1996). Psychosexual development of women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hormones and Behavior, 30, 300-318.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mustanski, B.S., Bailey, J.M. & Kaspar, S. Dermatoglyphics, Handedness, Sex, and Sexual Orientation. Arch Sex Behav 31, 113–122 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014039403752

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014039403752

Navigation