Elsevier

Journal of Hazardous Materials

Volume 359, 5 October 2018, Pages 437-444
Journal of Hazardous Materials

Tracking narcotics consumption at a Southwestern U.S. university campus by wastewater-based epidemiology

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.073Get rights and content
Under a Creative Commons license
open access

Highlights

  • Fourteen drug indicator compounds routinely detected (90%+) in campus wastewater.

  • First reported detection of norfentanyl in U.S. campus WBE study.

  • Estimated heroin consumption exceeded national rate by four-fold.

  • Estimated consumption of ADHD medication was in-line with other U.S. campus studies.

Abstract

Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) was applied to estimate the consumption of twelve narcotics within a Southwestern U.S. university campus. Seven consecutive 24-hour composite raw wastewater samples (n = 80) were obtained once per month from sampling locations capturing >95% of campus-generated wastewater. Samples were analyzed for indicators of consumption of morphine, codeine, oxycodone, heroin, fentanyl, methadone, buprenorphine, amphetamine, methylphenidate, alprazolam, cocaine, and MDMA using LC–MS/MS. Eleven indicator compounds (oxycodone, codeine, norcodeine, 6-acetylmorphine, EDDP, amphetamine, alprazolam, alpha-hydroxyalprazolam, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and MDMA) occurred at 100% detection frequency across the study, followed by morphine-3-glucuronide (98%), noroxycodone (95%), methylphenidate (90%), heroin (7%), norfentanyl (7%), and fentanyl (5%). Estimates of average narcotics consumption ranked as follows in units of mg/day/1000 persons: heroin (474 ± 32), cocaine (551 ± 49), amphetamine (256 ± 12), methylphenidate (236 ± 28), methadone (72 ± 8), oxycodone (80 ± 6), alprazolam (60 ± 2), MDMA (88 ± 35), codeine (50 ± 4), and morphine (18 ± 3). This campus-based WBE study yielded baseline data on 12 narcotics for a U.S. campus and demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of detecting the fentanyl metabolite norfentanyl in this setting.

Keywords

Sewage-based epidemiology
Urban metabolism metrology
College campus
Fentanyl
Heroin

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