Clinical research studyCigarette Smoking and the Risk of Endometrial Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Section snippets
Search Strategy
A systematic literature search up to June of 2007 was performed in MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify relevant studies. Search terms included “smoking,” “tobacco,” or “lifestyle,” combined with “endometrial cancer,” “uterine corpus cancer,” or “endometrial carcinoma.” The search was limited to English-language articles. The titles and abstracts were scanned to exclude any clearly irrelevant studies. The full texts of the remaining articles were read to determine whether they contained information
Results
We identified 10 prospective21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and 24 case-control studies31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54 of association between cigarette smoking and risk of endometrial cancer (Table 1, available online). Five of 10 prospective studies were conducted in Europe,21, 22, 23, 24, 28 4 studies were conducted in the United States,26, 27, 29, 30 and 1 study was conducted in Canada.25 Of the 24 case-control studies
Discussion
Our meta-analysis has assessed the relation between cigarette smoking and endometrial cancer risk. Overall, smoking was statistically significantly associated with 18% and 29% reduced risks of endometrial cancer in prospective and case-control studies, respectively.
Although cigarette smoking could dramatically increase the incidence of many other chronic diseases, the findings of this meta-analysis have direct public health importance. The elucidation of underlying mechanisms whereby smoking
Conclusions
Our meta-analysis of all prospective and case-control studies demonstrates that cigarette smoking is associated with a lower risk of endometrial cancer, especially among postmenopausal women.
References (63)
- et al.
Cigarette smoking and the risk of endometrial cancer
Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol
(1987) - et al.
Advanced-stage endometrial cancer: contributions of estrogen use, smoking, and other risk factors
Gynecol Oncol
(1989) - et al.
Cancer incidence among California Seventh-Day Adventists, 1976-1982
Am J Clin Nutr
(1994) - et al.
Risk factors among young women with endometrial cancer: a Danish case-control study
Am J Obstet Gynecol
(2000) - et al.
Lymphotoxin-alpha polymorphisms and the risk of endometrial cancer in Japanese subjects
Gynecol Oncol
(2007) - et al.
Oestrogens and endometrial cancer: effect of other risk factors on the association
Maturitas
(1980) - et al.
Endometrial cancer: how does cigarette smoking influence the risk of women under age 55 years having this tumor?
Am J Obstet Gynecol
(1985) - et al.
Cigarette smoking and the risk of female reproductive cancer
Am J Obstet Gynecol
(1987) - et al.
Postmenopausal smoking, estrogen replacement therapy, and the risk of endometrial cancer
Am J Obstet Gynecol
(1987) - et al.
Estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of endometrial cancer: remaining controversies
Am J Obstet Gynecol
(1990)
Body fat patterning in women with endometrial cancer
Gynecol Oncol
A case-control study of endometrial cancer in relation to cigarette smoking, serum estrogen levels, and alcohol use
Am J Obstet Gynecol
Smoking and risk of endometrial cancer: results from an Italian case-control study
Gynecol Oncol
Meta-analysis in clinical trials
Control Clin Trials
Smoking and industrial pollution, and their effects on menopause and ovarian cancer
Lancet
Short-term effects of smoking on the pharmacokinetic profiles of micronized estradiol in postmenopausal women
Am J Obstet Gynecol
Cancer statistics, 2002
CA Cancer J Clin
Role of exogenous and endogenous hormones in endometrial cancer: review of the evidence and research perspectives
Ann NY Acad Sci.
Million Women Study CollaboratorsEndometrial cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study
Lancet
Lifetime weight history and endometrial cancer risk by type of menopausal hormone use in the NIH-AARP diet and health study
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev.
The association of tea consumption with ovarian cancer risk: a meta-analysis
Am J Obstet Gynecol
Increased 2-hydroxylation of estradiol as a possible mechanism for the antiestrogenic effect of cigarette smoking
N Engl J Med
Association of cancer sites with tobacco and alcohol consumption and socioeconomic status of patients: interview study from the Third National Cancer Survey
J Natl Cancer Inst
A case-control study of cancer of the endometrium
Am J Epidemiol
Smoking, body weight, and early-stage endometrial cancer
Cancer
Moderate alcohol consumption and the risk of endometrial cancer
Epidemiology
A case-control study of endometrial cancer in relation to reproductive, somatometric, and life-style variables
Oncology
Nutritional factors and endometrial cancer in Ontario, Canada
Cancer Control
Diet in relation to endometrial cancer risk: a case-control study in Greece
Nutr Cancer
Use of electric blankets and association with prevalence of endometrial cancer
Eur J Cancer Prev
Physical activity and risk of endometrial cancer: a report from the Shanghai endometrial cancer study
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev
Cited by (0)
*Drs Zhou, Yang, and Sun contributed equally to this work.
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No 30672486), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No BK2006525), 333 Project, Qinglan Project, and Six Rencai Gaofeng Project (No 07C008) for the Young Academic Leader of Jiangsu Province to Dr. Wang.