Iron Sulphide Accumulation in the Rhizosphere of Wetland Rice (Oryza sativa L.) as the Result of Microbial Activities

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Abstract

Studies on physiological disorders of wetland rice due to ferrous iron and sulphide toxicities revealed frequent accumulations of iron monosulphides (FeS × H2O in the rhizosphere. The processes involved in the formation of FeS are mainly bacterial iron-and-sulphate reductions. The significance of processes, which are both microbially catalyzed, is discussed in relation to physicochemical and biological soil parameters. The relevance of responsible bacteria in the rhizosphere and on the rhizoplane and their interactions with the rice plant are outlined.

Apparently, a lack of oxidation of these microsites by the rice roots is associated with this process of FeS-accumulation. Such an insufficient rhizospheric aeration occurs frequently and is associated with nutrient-deficient or senescing plants or with plants heavily stressed, for instance, by transplantation. Under these peculiar conditions, the root death often occurs and, in certain cases, is preceded by a strong ferrous iron intoxication of the rice. An intensified sulphase reduction in the immediate rhizosphere of dead roots finally leads to a typical “post mortem” accumulation of FeS on the rhizoplane. However, in some cases such as spermosphere or young roots without aerenchym, a direct toxicity of sulphides may result in the death of germinating seeds and seedlings, accompanied by FeS precipitation.

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