Review articleVariant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Section snippets
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
BSE was first recognized as an emerging TSE in 1986 in the United Kingdom, where it caused a major epizootic, now on the decline, among cattle [3]. The occurrence of earlier cases in 1985 was retrospectively identified, and statistical modeling of the BSE outbreak indicated that the first BSE cases may have occurred in the early 1980s [12].
As of June 30, 2002, over 180,000 cases of BSE were confirmed in the United Kingdom, including over 179,300 cases in Great Britain (ie, excluding Guernsey,
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in other countries
The occurrence of BSE outside of the United Kingdom was first confirmed in 1989 in the Republic of Ireland, heralding the potential spread of BSE to other European countries that may have imported BSE-contaminated meat-and-bone meal from the United Kingdom. By the end of 1999, seven other European countries (Belgium, France, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, and Switzerland) had reported BSE cases among their native cattle. In addition, between January 2000 and October 2002, 11
Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
The identification of a BSE-like disease in zoo animals beginning in the late 1980s and in domestic cats beginning in 1990 in the United Kingdom suggested that the BSE agent could cross the species barrier and infect other animals and possibly humans [3]. Early concerns about this possibility led to intensified surveillance for CJD in the United Kingdom beginning in 1990. In 1996, the United Kingdom CJD surveillance unit reported a cluster of 10 unusually young patients with a new variant form
Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease surveillance in the United States
The evidence for transmission of BSE to humans in Europe causing vCJD through consumption of presumably BSE-contaminated food created a concern that United States residents who have traveled to the United Kingdom and other BSE-endemic countries may be at risk of developing vCJD. This possibility, coupled with the uncertainty about a secondary bloodborne person-to-person transmission of the vCJD agent, resulted in the FDA recommending a blood donor deferral policy to exclude donors who were at
Acknowledgements
We thank John O'Connor for his editorial review and Robert C. Holman for statistical analysis of mortality data provided in the text and used in Fig. 4.
References (43)
- et al.
A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK
Lancet
(1996) - et al.
BSE: a decade on—part 1
Lancet
(1997) Scrapie and kuru
Lancet
(1959)- et al.
Case-control study of risk factors of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Europe during 1993–95
Lancet
(1998) New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Infect Dis Clin North Am
(1998)- et al.
BSE: a decade on—part 2
Lancet
(1997) - et al.
Incidence of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in the UK
Lancet
(2000) - et al.
Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in an elderly patient
Lancet
(2001) - et al.
The pulvinar sign on magnetic resonance imaging in variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Lancet
(2000) Neuropathological findings in new variant CJD and experimental transmission of BSE
FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol
(1998)
Diagnosis of new variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease by tonsil biopsy
Lancet
Investigation of variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease and other human prion diseases with tonsil biopsy samples
Lancet
Tissue distribution of protease resistant prion protein in variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease using a highly sensitive immunoblotting assay
Lancet
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans
Annu Rev Microbiol
Epizootiology of chronic wasting disease in free-ranging cervids in Colorado and Wyoming
J Wild Dis
Prions
An introduction to prion biology and diseases
Infectious amyloides: subacute spongiform encephalopathies as transmissible cerebral amyloidoses
Risk factors for Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: a reanalysis of case-control studies
Neurology
Infectious and sporadic prion diseases
When did bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) start? Implications on the prediction of a new variant of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (nvCJD) epidemic
Int Epidemiol Assoc
Cited by (33)
Rapidly progressive encephalopathy with evidence of spongiform encephalopathy through biopsy
2022, Journal of Taibah University Medical SciencesCreutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: In-hospital demographics report of national data in the United States from 2016 and review of a rapidly-progressive case
2020, Clinical Neurology and NeurosurgeryCitation Excerpt :We were also interested in patient disposition. Since patients with CJD has a 100 % mortality rate, most commonly within a year of diagnosis [16], patient disposition after diagnosis is an important factor in understanding continuity of patient care. HCUP data reported that 16.9 % of CJD patients experienced a “routine” disposition, defined as being discharged to home or self-care or with a planned acute care hospital inpatient readmission; 4.9 % of patients had a disposition to a “short-term hospital,” defined as being transferred or discharged to a short-term inpatient hospital, federal health care facility, critical access hospital, or any of the above with a planned acute care hospital inpatient readmission; 42.3 % of patients had a disposition of being transferred to “another type of facility,” which include skilled nursing facilities, intermediate care facilities, hospice, long-term care facility, inpatient rehab facility, etc.; 26.8 % of patients experienced a “home health care” disposition, which involves a discharge to an organized home health service organization, or home hospice.
Routes of Transmission in the Food Chain
2017, Foodborne Diseases: Third EditionSix-year follow-up of a point-source exposure to CWD contaminated venison in an Upstate New York community: Risk behaviours and health outcomes 2005-2011
2014, Public HealthCitation Excerpt :The health conditions reported on here are associated with the clinical manifestations of vCJD. vCJD is characterized early on by psychiatric/behavioral and sensory problems, followed much later by the development of neurological illness, and eventual death.40,41 This is in contrast to classic CJD, in which neurological symptoms and dementia occur in earlier stages of the disease.
Prion diseases
2010, Clinics in Laboratory MedicineCitation Excerpt :Absence of staining does not rule out the diagnosis of CJD.5 Florid amyloid plaques are more abundant in vCJD compared with sCJD and show distinct morphologic features characterized by a dense central core of amyloid surrounded by vacuoles (flowerlike), illustrated in Fig. 10.5,14 The main diagnostic criteria for all forms of CJD are listed in Table 5.13