Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Scale for Measuring Child Sexual Abuse Awareness for Parents: A Scale Development Study

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Child sexual abuse is under researched in the Northern Cypriot context. To fill this gap in the literature, this study aims to develop a Child Sexual Abuse Awareness Scale to measurement the awareness levels of parents. The research participants consisted of 455 parents (335 mothers and 120 fathers) who had children between the ages of 8 and 10. In the process of the development of scale descriptive statistics, content validity, exploratory factor analysis of scale, and AMOS 21 were used for confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach’s Alpha and split-half tests were performed for measuring the reliability of the scale. The outcomes show that the CSA Awareness Scale for Parents is a valid and reliable scale.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akduman, G. G., & Cantürk, G. (2011). The way of behaving scala against the children who were sexual abuse: Acceptability and reliability study. Turkish Journal of Forensic Medicine, 24(2), 22–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aksel, E. Ş., & Yılmaz Irmak, T. (2015). Teachers' knowledge and experience about child sexual abuse. Ege Journal of Education, 16(2), 373–391. https://doi.org/10.12984/eed.60194 [In Turkish].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alpaslan, A. H. (2014). [Childhood Sexual Abuse.] Kocatepe Medical Journal, 15(2), 194–201. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/161236 [In Turkish].

  • Aytaç, M., & Öngen, B. (2012). [The structure of environmental attitudes: First-order confirmatory factor analysis.] Journal of Statisticians: Statistics & Actuarial Sciences, 5, 14–22. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/download/article-file/105674 [In Turkish].

  • Ayyıldız, H., & Cengiz, E. (2006). A conceptual investigation of structural equation models (SEM) on testing marketing models. The Journal of Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 11(1), 63–84 [In Turkish].

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakır, E., & Kapucu, S. (2017). Reflection of child neglect and abuse to researches in Turkey: A literature review. Journal of Hacettepe University Faculty of Nursing, 4(2), 13–24 [In Turkish].

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkmen, B., & Abidoğlu, Ü. P. (2018). An assessment on the scientific studies conducted in North Cyprus about child abuse. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 1(Special Issue), 149–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkmen, B., & Okray, Z. (2015). The Turkish translation, reliability and validity study of child abuse scale. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 1(1), 343–361 In Turkish.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berrick, J. D., & Barth, R. P. (1992). Child sexual abuse prevention: Research review and recommendations. Social Work Research and Abstracts, 28(4), 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/swra/28.4.6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyazıt, U. (2015). An overview the characteristics of childhood sexual abuse in the sample of North Cyprus. The Journal of Academic Social Science, 3(9), 449–456 [In Turkish].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyazıt, U., & Bütün Ayhan, A. (2015). An overview of the scientific studies conducted in Turkey which examines the sexual abuse cases covering children as the victims. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 31, 443–453 [In Turkish].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolen, R. M. (2002). Guardian support of sexually abused children: A definition in search of a construct. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 3(1), 40–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380020031003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolen, R. M., & Lamb, J. L. (2004). Ambivalence of nonoffending guardians after child sexual abuse disclosure. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260503260324.

  • Bora, H. (2014). [Analysis of the crimes committed in TRNC, crime victim and offender profiles.] (PhD Thesis), Police Academy, Ankara. [In Turkish].

  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). [Data Analysis Handbook.] Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık. [In Turkish].

  • Can, G., & Beyazıt, U. (2018). An examination of the factors that predict potential child abuse. Mediterranean Journal of Humanities, 8(1), 87–99 [In Turkish].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J., Dunne, M. P., & Han, P. (2007). Prevention of child sexual abuse in China: Knowledge, attitudes, and communication practices of parents of elementary school children. Child Abuse & Neglect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.12.013

  • Chen, J. Q., & Chen, D. G. (2005). Awareness of child sexual abuse prevention education among parents of grade 3 elementary school pupils in Fuxin City China. Health Education Research, 20(5), 540–547. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyh012.

  • Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309.

  • Collings, S. J. (1997). Development, reliability, and validity of the child sexual abuse myth scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626097012005004.

  • Cresswell, J. W. (2014). Research design. Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. Research Design Qualitative Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches.

  • Cromer, L. D., & Goldsmith, R. E. (2010). Socio-cultural issues and child sexual abuse: Child sexual abuse myths: Attitudes, beliefs, and individual differences. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(6), 618–647. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2010.522493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Çalışandemir, F., Bencik, S., & Artan, İ. (2008). Sexual education of children: An overview from the past to present. Education and Science, 33(150), 14–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Çokluk, O., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2010). [Multivariate statistics for social sciences SPSS and LISREL applications] (First Ed). Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık. [In Turkish].

  • Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review: Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0897-1897(05)80008-4.

  • Davies, C., & Robinson, K. (2010). Hatching babies and stork deliveries: Risk and regulation in the construction of children’s sexual knowledge. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 11(3), 249–262. https://doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2010.11.3.249

  • Dimitrov, D. M. (2010). Testing for factorial invariance in the context of construct validation. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175610373459.

  • Eliküçük, A., & Dönmez, S. (2011). Examination of opinions of parents about sexual development and education six years old children. Aile ve Toplum Eğitim-Kültür ve Araştırma Dergisi, 7(25), 45–62 [In Turkish].

    Google Scholar 

  • Erkorkmaz, Ü., Etikan, İ., Demir, O., Özdamar, K., & Sanısoǧlu, S. Y. (2013). Confirmatory factor analysis and fit indices. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(1), 210–223. https://doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2011-26747 [In Turkish].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eser, B. (2016). [Examination of the value of the child in the context of family structures in Northern Cyprus] (Msc Thesis), Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta. [In Turkish].

  • Finkelhor, D. (1994a). Current information on the scope and nature of child sexual abuse. The Future of Children, 4(2), 31–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602522.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D. (1994b). The international epidemiology of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18(5), 409–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(94)90026-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D. (1997). Child sexual abuse: Challenges facing child protection and mental health professionals. In E. Ullmann & W. Hilweg (Eds.), Childhood and Trauma – Separation, Abuse, War (pp. 101–116). Brookfield USA • Singapore • Sydney.

  • Finkelhor, D., & Jones, L. (2006). Why have child maltreatment and child victimization declined? Journal of Social Issues. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2006.00483.x.

  • Godbout, N., Briere, J., Sabourin, S., & Lussier, Y. (2014). Child sexual abuse and subsequent relational and personal functioning: The role of parental support. Child Abuse and Neglect, 38(2), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Göynüklü, C. (2012). Childrens rights in North Cyprus (1st Ed). Nicosia: Kıbrıslı Türk İnsan Hakları Vakfı Yayınları. [In Turkish].

  • Gurung, L. B., & Bahattarai, S. (2015). Knowledge of child abuse among parents of under 5 years children in Kathmandu Nepal. Journal of Manmohan Memorial Institute of Health Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3126/jmmihs.v1i4.11995.

  • Hays, W. L. (1983). Review of using multivariate statistics. Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews, 28(8), 642–642. https://doi.org/10.1037/022267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, M., & Swain, J. (2010). Disability and child sexual abuse lessons from survivors’ narratives for effective protection, prevention and treatment. London and Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, J. S. (2003). World report on violence and health. Injury Prevention, 9(1), 93–93. https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.9.1.93.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Association. (2008). Educational guidelines for teachers and families to prevent child abuse and neglect. Ankara: Ofset.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ige, O. K., & Fawole, O. I. (2011). Preventing child sexual abuse: Parents’ perceptions and practices in urban Nigeria. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2011.627584.

  • Jackson, E., & Wernharm, M. (2005). Child protection policies and procedures toolkit. London: Consortium for Street Children. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/violencestudy/pdf/CP Manual - Introduction.pdf.

  • Karakoç, F. Y., & Dönmez, L. (2014). [Basic principles of scale development.] Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası, 40, 39–49. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/199275 [In Turkish].

  • Karuna, B. (2012). A comparative study to assess the knowledge of rural urban mothers regarding child abuse in selected areas of Kolar with a view to develop an information booklet. Rajiv Gandhi University.

  • Kellogg, N., & The Comittee on Child Sexual Abuse and Neglect. (2005). The evaluation of sexual abuse in children. Pediatrics, 116(2), 506–513. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-1336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, L., & Karsna, K. (2017). Measuring the scale and changing nature of child sexual abuse and child sexual exploitation Scoping report. Retrieved from https://www.csacentre.org.uk/research-publications/scale-and-nature-of-child-sexual-abuse-and-exploitation/scoping-report/

  • Kenny, M. C. (2009). Child sexual abuse prevention: Psychoeducational groups for preschoolers and their parents. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 34(1), 24–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/01933920802600824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenny, M. C. (2010). Child sexual abuse education with ethnically diverse families: A preliminary analysis. Children and Youth Services Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.03.025.

  • Kenny, M. C., & Wurtele, S. K. (2008). Toward prevention of childhood sexual abuse: preschoolers’ knowledge of genital body parts. In Proceedings of the Seventh Annual College of Education Research Conference: Urban and International Education Section.

  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Methodology in the social sciences. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraizer, S., Witte, S. S., & Freyer, G. E. (1989). Child sexual abuse prevention programs : What makes them effective in protecting children ? Children Today.

  • Lanning, B., Ballard, D. J., & Robinson, J. (1999). Child sexual abuse prevention programs in Texas public elementary schools. Journal of School Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1999.tb02333.x.

  • Marwan A, Bakarman, Z. O. E. (2017). Preventing child sexual abuse, what parents know? Annals of King Edward Medical University. Lahore.

  • Mathoma, A. M., Maripe-Perera, D. B., Khumalo, L. P., Mbayi, B. L., & Seloilwe, E. S. (2006). Knowledge and perceptions of parents regarding child sexual abuse in Botswana and Swaziland. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2005.08.002.

  • Mendelson, T., & Letourneau, E. J. (2015). Parent-focused prevention of child sexual abuse. Prevention Science, 16(6), 844–852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0553-z.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Focusing and bounding the collection of data. Further design issues. In Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook.

  • Mlekwa, F. M., Nyamhanga, T., Chalya, P. L., & Urassa, D. (2016). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents on child sexual abuse and its prevention in Shinyanga District, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research, 18(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v18i4.6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Modelli, M. E. S., Galvao, M. F., & Pratesi, R. (2012). Child sexual abuse. Forensic Science International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.08.006.

  • Morris, M. C., Kouros, C. D., Janecek, K., Freeman, R., Mielock, A., & Garber, J. (2017). Community-level moderators of a school-based childhood sexual assault prevention program. Child Abuse and Neglect, 63, 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.10.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, P., Cameron, C. M., Lakhani, A., Osborne, J. M., de Souza, L., Hope, K., … Majidi, S. (2018). Violence against children in Afghanistan: Concerns and opportunities for positive change. Child Abuse and Neglect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.10.010

  • Osadan, R., & Reid, E. (2015). The importance of knowing child sexual abuse symptoms in the elementary teacher’s work. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 7(1), 20–32. Retrieved from http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_5_No_7_1_July_2015/3.pdf

  • Ovayolu, N., Uçan, Ö., & Serindağ, S. (2007). Sexual abuse in child and its effects. Fırat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 2(4), 13–22 [In Turkish].

    Google Scholar 

  • Özdamar, K. (2004). [Statistical data analysis with packet programs (multivariate analyzes)]. II. Eskişehir: Kaan Kitabevi. [In Turkish].

  • Pala, B., Ünalacak, M., & Ünlüoğlu, İ. (2011). Child maltreatment: Abuse and neglect. Dicle Medical Journal, 38(1), 121–127 [In Turkish].

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). CA: Sage Publications.

  • Pekdoğan, S. (2017). Abuse awareness scale parents form: Scale development study. Akademik Bakış Dergisi, 62, 173–185 [In Turkish].

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennsylvania Coalition Against Rape, & National Sexual Violence Resource Center. (2011). Child Sexual Abuse Prevention and Risk Reduction:Literature Review for Parents & Guardians. Journal of Sexual Violence and Rape (Vol. 27). North Enola: NSVRC Publications. Retrieved from http://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/Publications_NSVRC_LiteratureReview_Child-Sexual-Abuse-Prevention-and-Risk-Reduction-review-for-parents.pdf

  • Pereda, N., Guilera, G., Forns, M., & Gómez-Benito, J. (2009). The international epidemiology of child sexual abuse: A continuation of Finkelhor (1994). Child Abuse & Neglect, 33(6), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.07.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Fuentes, G., Olfson, M., Villegas, L., Morcillo, C., Wang, S., & Blanco, C. (2013). Prevalence and correlates of child sexual abuse: A national study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(1), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.05.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polat, O. (2007a). [Child abuse: Definitions] (1st ed.). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. [In Turkish].

  • Polat, O. (2007b). [Child abuse: Prevention and rehabilitation]. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık. [In Turkish].

  • Prevent Child Abuse America. (2016). Preventing child sexual abuse position statement. Retrieved from https://preventchildabuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Preventing-CSA.pdf

  • Reppucci, N. D., Jones, L. M., & Cook, S. L. (1994). Involving parents in child sexual abuse prevention programs. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 3(2), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02234063.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raykov, T. (1998). A method for obtaining standard errors and confidence intervals of composite reliability for congeneric items. Applied Psychological Measurement. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662169802200406.

  • Rudolph, J., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2018). Parents as protectors: A qualitative study of parents’ views on child sexual abuse prevention. Child Abuse and Neglect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.08.016.

  • Runyan, D. K., Dunne, M. P., Zolotor, A. J., Madrid, B., Jain, D., Gerbaka, B., et al. (2009). The development and piloting of the ISPCAN child abuse screening tool-parent version (ICAST-P). Child Abuse and Neglect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.09.006.

  • Sathiavarthini, J. P. (2015). Effectiveness of vıdeo assısted teaching programme on knowledge regarding prevention of child abuse among school teachers in capron hall girls higer secondary school at madurai district. Medical University.

  • Savitha, A., Nalini, M., Shetty, R., Aruni, G., & Sukesh, P. (2016). Awareness about child abuse among care givers and teachers in selected rural schools at Mangalore. Asian Journal of Nursing Education and Research, 6(4), 476–480. https://doi.org/10.5958/2349-2996.2016.00089.6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skorpe Tennfjord, O. (2006). Prediction of attitudes towards child sexual abuse among three different norwegian samples. Journal of Sexual Aggression. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600601090196.

  • Sönmez, V., & Alacapınar, F. G. (2014). [Scientific research methods] (3rd Ed.). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. [In Turkish].

  • Sönmez, V., & Alacapınar, F. G. (2016). [Preparing measurement tool in social sciences]. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. [In Turkish].

  • Swift Burgess, E., & Wurtele, S. K. (1998). Enhancing parent-child communication about sexual abuse: A pilot study. Child Abuse and Neglect. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00094-5.

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics. New York: Harper and Row. https://doi.org/10.1037/022267.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Taner, Y., & Gökler, B. (2004). [Child abuse and neglect: psychiatric aspects]. Hacettepe Tıp Dergisi, (35), 82–86. [In Turkish].

  • Taşkın, Ç., & Akat, Ö. (2013). [Structural equation modeling in research methods] Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi. [In Turkish].

  • Tatlıcalı, E., & Berkmen, B. (2017). Examination of pre-school teacher candidates: Knowledge and awareness levels for emotional neglect/abuse. International Journal of Educational Sciences, 19(2–3), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/09751122.2017.1393962.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tavşancıl, E. (2002). [Measurement of attitudes and SPSS data analysis] (1st ed.). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi. [In Turkish].

  • Turkish Statistical Institute. (2018). [Statistical data on child victims of sexual crimes]. Retrieved September 19, 2018, from https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=98&locale=tr [In Turkish]..

  • Ünal, F. (2008). Child abuse and neglect in family. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1, 9–18 [In Turkish].

    Google Scholar 

  • UNICEF. (2017). Sexual violence statistic. Retrieved October 4, 2018, from http://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/violence/sexual-violence/#.

  • UNICEF, & UN General Assembly. (1989). Convention on the rights of a child. United Nations, Treaty Series. https://doi.org/10.2307/4065371

  • Walsh, K., & Brandon, L. (2012). Their children’s first educators: Parents’ views about child sexual abuse prevention education. Journal of Child and Family Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-011-9526-4.

  • World Health Organization. (2017). Child Maltreatment. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/child/Child_maltreatment_infographic_EN.pdf?ua=1

  • Wurtele, S. K. (2009). Preventing sexual abuse of children in the twenty-first century: Preparing for challenges and opportunities. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538710802584650.

  • Wurtele, S. K., & Kenny, M. C. (2010). Partnering with parents to prevent childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse Review. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.1112.

  • Yakut, H. İ., & Korkmaz, E. (2013). Child sexual abuse. The Journal of Gynecology-Obsterics and Neonatology, 10(39), 1630–1632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, D. (2015). The advocate’s guide: Working with parents of children who have been sexually assaulted. Enola, PA: National Sexual Violence Resource Center. Retrieved from https://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/publications_nsvrc_guides_the-advocates-guide-working-with-parents-of-children-who-have-been-sexually-assaulted.pdf

  • Yaratan, H. (2014). Basic statistics for social sciences: Applied SPSS. Anı Yayıncılık: Ankara [In Turkish].

    Google Scholar 

  • Yiğit, R. (2005). Sexual abuse in children and incest. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences, 8, 90–100. Retrieved from http://e-dergi.atauni.edu.tr/ataunihem/article/view/1025000380

  • Zafar, S., & Ross, E. C. (2013). Perceptions of childhood sexual abuse survivors: Development and initial validation of a new scale to measure stereotypes of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2013.743955.

  • Zeuthen, K., & Hagelskjær, M. (2013). Prevention of child sexual abuse: Analysis and discussion of the field. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22(6), 742–760. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2013.811136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Education Department of Guidance and Psychological Counseling, Cyprus International University, Nicosia, Cyprus

    Bengü Berkmen & Gürcan Seçim

Authors
  1. Bengü Berkmen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gürcan Seçim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Fig. 1
figure 1

Path Analysis Results for the CSAASP

Full size image

Appendix 2

Child Sexual Abuse Awareness Scale For Parents (CSAASP)

The following items are prepared to determine the level of awareness of parents about child sexual abuse. It will take about 15 min to complete the form. Please answer every item according to your opinion; “I Totally Agree”, “Agree”, “I’m Undecided”, “I Disagree” and “I Totally Disagree”. Your answers will only be used within the scope of the research and will be kept strictly confidential. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask for support from the researcher.

 

I Totally Agree

I Agree

I am Undecided

I Disagree

I Totally Disagree

1. A child cannot make up a story about being abused.

     

2. Abuse cases are only experienced in big cities.

     

3. Parents must take legal action when their children are abused.

     

4. Only girls are abused.

     

5. I have to listen my child without judging him/her when he/she tells me that he/she is being abused.

     

6. Only illiterate people perform sexual abuse.

     

7. Sexual abuse is only performed by people with low-income levels.

     

8. It is important that I tell my child that being abused is not his/her fault.

     

9. Abused children might experience sleep disturbance.

     

10. It is not possible that the perpetrators are family members.

     

11. In order to be protected from abuse, it is important that my child knows that nobody can touch him/her in a way she/he does not want them to.

     

12. When their children are abused, parents must seek psychological help.

     

13. Abused children might have changes in their appetite.

     

14. Abused children might have changes in their studying habits.

     

15. Abused children start not to enjoy from the things that they enjoyed before.

     

16. I have to stay calm when my child tells me that he/she is being abused.

     

17. Perpetrators are always strangers.

     

18. When their children are abused, parents should to seek a medical check-up.

     

19. I must teach my child that when a stranger tries to do/does something to my child that he/she does not want, he/she should instantly tell me (mother-father) or the most trusted individual; and ask for help.

     

20. Men are the only child abuse perpetrators.

     

21. It is important to listen my child in a calm manner if he/she tells me that he/she is being abused.

     

22. I have to listen to my child without showing my concern when he/she tells me that he/she is being abused.

     

23. I have to tell my child that I believe him/her if he/she tells me that he/she is being abused.

     

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Berkmen, B., Seçim, G. Scale for Measuring Child Sexual Abuse Awareness for Parents: A Scale Development Study. Curr Psychol 42, 15978–15990 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00512-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00512-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation