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Human exposure of bisphenol A and its analogues: understandings from human urinary excretion data and wastewater-based epidemiology

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Abstract

This work evaluated human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues based on human urinary excretion data and wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). The results showed that the world’s average human daily intake ranked from high to low is in order of bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol P (BPP), bisphenol AP (BPAP), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol Z (BPZ), and bisphenol AF (BPAF), and their corresponding human daily intakes are 2.53, 0.68, 0.60, 0.41, 0.36, 0.29, 0.24, and 0.06 μg/p/day, respectively. BPA is clearly the dominant bisphenol for human exposure. However, the results also showed that humans have been widely exposed to BPA analogues as well. Many BPA analogues showed similar estrogenic activities to those of BPA; therefore, the adverse effects of BPA and its analogues on humans should be comprehensively evaluated. The nominal exposure levels obtained based on wastewater-based epidemiology ranked high to low are in order of BPA (513.73 μg/p/day), BPF (10.20 μg/p/day), BPS (5.21 μg/p/day), BPP (1.15 μg/p/day), BPZ (0.66 μg/p/day), BPB (0.61 μg/p/day), BPAF (0.58 μg/p/day), and BPAP (0.35 μg/p/day). The world’s human average daily intakes of BPA and its analogues are only 0.5–47.9% of the intakes of their corresponding human nominal exposures. This study suggests that other sources rather human excretions are important origins in municipal wastewater, which indicates that the WBE method based on parent compounds is inappropriate for evaluations of human daily intakes of BPA and its analogues, neither for other industrial compounds that have multiple important sources. Three main important sources of BPA and its analogues in municipal wastewater are likely effluents of industrial wastewater, discharges of hospital wastewater, and landfill leachates. To decrease discharges of BPA and its analogues to the natural environment, any mixing of industrial and hospital wastewater as well as landfill leachates in municipal wastewater is not favorable.

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Funding

This work was financially supported by the Program for National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21107025; No. 21577040; U1501234; No. 41330639); Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (No. 201904010100; No. 201510010162); special funds for public welfare research and capacity building in Guangdong Province (No. 2015A020215003) as well as the funding for water odor research (No. YGSYBMKY17-N11).

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  1. School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China

    Hao Wang, Ze-hua Liu, Jun Zhang, Ri-Ping Huang, Hua Yin & Zhi Dang

  2. Key Lab Pollution Control & Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Cluster, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China

    Ze-hua Liu

  3. Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China

    Ze-hua Liu

  4. Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Environment Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China

    Ze-hua Liu

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  1. Hao Wang
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Important findings: Human daily intakes of BPA analogues were given and main sources of BPA in municipal wastewater were discussed.

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Wang, H., Liu, Zh., Zhang, J. et al. Human exposure of bisphenol A and its analogues: understandings from human urinary excretion data and wastewater-based epidemiology. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 3247–3256 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07111-9

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