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The evolution of pyrrolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis and diversity in the Senecioneae

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Abstract

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are characteristic secondary metabolites of the Asteraceae and some other plant families. They are especially numerous and diverse in the tribe Senecioneae and form a powerful defense mechanism against herbivores. Studies into the evolution of pyrrolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis using Senecio species have identified homospermidine synthase as the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the first specific intermediate. These studies further indicated that the homospermidine synthase-encoding gene was recruited following gene duplication of deoxyhypusine synthase and that this occurred independently in several different angiosperm lineages. A review of published pyrrolizidine alkaloid data shows that the Senecioneae are characterized by a large qualitative and quantitative variation in pyrrolizidine alkaloid profiles and that these data demonstrate little phylogenetic signal. This suggests that although the first steps of this pathway are highly conserved, the diversification of secondarily derived pyrrolizidine alkaloids is extremely plastic.

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Abbreviations

cDNA:

Complementary DNA

DHS:

Deoxyhypusine synthase

E. coli :

Escherichia coli

eIF5A:

Eukaryotic initiation factor 5A

HSS:

Homospermidine synthase

J.:

Jacobaea

PA(s):

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid(s)

S.:

Senecio

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Acknowledgments

Parts of the work were supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) in grants to D. Ober.

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  1. Biochemische Ökologie und Molekulare Evolution, Botanisches Institut und Botanischer Garten, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098, Kiel, Germany

    Dorothee Langel & Dietrich Ober

  2. School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand

    Pieter B. Pelser

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  1. Dorothee Langel
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  2. Dietrich Ober
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Correspondence to Dietrich Ober or Pieter B. Pelser.

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Langel, D., Ober, D. & Pelser, P.B. The evolution of pyrrolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis and diversity in the Senecioneae. Phytochem Rev 10, 3–74 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-010-9184-y

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