Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Role of Topical Therapies in the Management of Cutaneous Disease

  • Published:
Journal of Cutaneous Medicine & Surgery

Abstract

Within the last decade, healthcare providers have had a larger selection of effective novel topical immunomodulatory agents to treat many dermatologic conditions. Novel mechanisms of action of newer topical agents have facilitated differentiation from well-established topical agents such as corticosteroids and 5-fluorouracil. Further, because of a growing understanding of the immune mechanisms within the skin, the opportunity has arisen to use the body’s immune system to effectively treat many dermatologic conditions, such as condyloma acuminata, actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, and atopic dermatitis, while maintaining a favorable safety profile. Imiquimod 5% cream, an immune response modifier, is safe and effective in the treatment of condyloma acuminata, actinic keratosis, and primary superficial basal cell carcinoma (sBCC). Pimecrolimus cream 1% and tacrolimus ointment (0.1% and 0.03%) are safe and effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. This review highlights newer data on approved and investigational indications for these topical immunomodulatory agents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. ES Smith SR Feldman AB Fleischer SuffixJr et al. (1998) ArticleTitleCharacteristics of office-based visits for skin cancer. Dermatologists have more experience than other physicians in managing malignant and premalignant skin conditions Dermatol Surg 24 981–985 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1076-0512(98)00095-8 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1cvis1Kqtg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9754086

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. CR Bruner SR Feldman M Ventrapragada et al. (2003) ArticleTitleA systematic review of adverse effects associated with topical treatments for psoriasis Dermatol Online J 9 2 Occurrence Handle12639460

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. C Levin HI Maibach (2002) ArticleTitleTopical corticosteroid-induced adrenocortical insufficiency: clinical implications Am J Clin Dermatol 3 141–147 Occurrence Handle11978135

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. C Queille R Pommarede JH. Saurat (1984) ArticleTitleEfficacy versus systemic effects of six topical steroids in the treatment of atopic dermatitis of childhood Pediatr Dermatol 1 246–253 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL2M%2FjvValsA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle6494068

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. RL Miller JF Gerster ML Owens et al. (1999) ArticleTitleImiquimod applied topically: a novel immune response modifier and new class of drug Int J Immunopharmacol 21 1–14 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0192-0561(98)00068-X Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXitFyqtLk%3D Occurrence Handle10411278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. H Hemmi T Kaisho O Takeuchi et al. (2002) ArticleTitleSmall anti-viral compounds activate immune cells via the TLR7 MyD88-dependent signaling pathway Nat Immunol 3 196–200 Occurrence Handle10.1038/ni758 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhtVygurc%3D Occurrence Handle11812998

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. K Takeda S Akira (2001) ArticleTitleRoles of Toll-like receptors in innate immune responses Genes Cells 6 733–742 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2443.2001.00458.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXotVSgs7k%3D Occurrence Handle11554921

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. T Vasselon PA Detmers (2002) ArticleTitleToll receptors: a central element in innate immune responses Infect Immun 70 1033–1041 Occurrence Handle10.1128/IAI.70.3.1033-1041.2002 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XhsFSmurg%3D Occurrence Handle11854180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. LM Imbertson JM Beaurline AM Couture et al. (1998) ArticleTitleCytokine induction in hairless mouse and rat skin after topical application of the immune response modifiers imiquimod and S-28463 J Invest Dermatol 110 734–739 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00174.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjtVGntr0%3D Occurrence Handle9579537

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. I Arany SK Tyring MA Stanley et al. (1999) ArticleTitleEnhancement of the innate and cellular immune response in patients with genital warts treated with topical imiquimod cream 5% Antiviral Res 43 55–63 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0166-3542(99)00033-9 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXksV2ktL0%3D Occurrence Handle10480263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. SK Tyring I Arany MA Stanley et al. (1998) ArticleTitleA randomized, controlled, molecular study of condylomata acuminata clearance during treatment with imiquimod J Infect Dis 178 551–555 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlsV2hsLc%3D Occurrence Handle9697742

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. CL Doxsee TR Riter MJ Reiter et al. (2003) ArticleTitleThe immune response modifier and Toll-like receptor 7 agonist S-27609 selectively induces IL-12 and TNF-alpha production in CD11c+CD11b+CD8- dendritic cells J Immunol 171 1156–1163 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXlsFymtbs%3D Occurrence Handle12874201

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. S Nair C McLaughlin A Weizer et al. (2003) ArticleTitleInjection of immature dendritic cells into adjuvant-treated skin obviates the need for ex vivo maturation J Immunol 171 6275–6282 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXptFOkt7Y%3D Occurrence Handle14634145

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. M Schon AB Bong C Drewniok et al. (2003) ArticleTitleTumor-selective induction of apoptosis and the small-molecule immune response modifier imiquimod J Natl Cancer Inst 95 1138–1149 Occurrence Handle12902443 Occurrence Handle10.1093/jnci/djg016 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmtFKrsLk%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. American Social Health Association and the Kaiser Family Foundation. Sexually Transmitted Diseases in America: How Many Cases and at What Cost? December 1998. Available at: http://www.kff.org/content/archive/1445/std_rep.html. Accessed July 22, 2003

  16. L Edwards A Ferenczy L Eron et al. (1998) ArticleTitleSelf-administered topical 5% imiquimod cream for external anogenital warts Arch Dermatol 134 25–30 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archderm.134.1.25 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c7htFGmuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle9449906

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. C Bayerl G Feller S Goerdt (2003) ArticleTitleExperience in treating molluscum contagiosum in children with imiquimod 5% cream Br J Dermatol 149 IssueIDsuppl 66 25–28 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.0366-077X.2003.05631.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXmtl2nug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle14616342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. UR Hengge S Esser T Schultewolter et al. (2000) ArticleTitleSelf-administered topical 5% imiquimod for the treatment of common warts and molluscum contagiosum Br J Dermatol 143 1026–1031 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03777.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXovVGjur8%3D Occurrence Handle11069514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. AR Barba S Kapoor B Berman (2001) ArticleTitleAn open label safety study of topical imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children Dermatol Online J 7 20 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvmtVehtQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11328641

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. E Stockfleth T Meyer B Benninghoff et al. (2002) ArticleTitleA randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study to assess 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of multiple actinic keratoses Arch Dermatol 138 1498–1502 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archderm.138.11.1498 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xpt12qurg%3D Occurrence Handle12437457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. M Lebwohl S Dinehart D Whiting et al. (2004) ArticleTitleImiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of actinic keratosis: results from two phase III, randomized, double-blind, parallel group, vehicle-controlled trials J Am Acad Dermatol 50 714–721 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.jaad.2003.12.010 Occurrence Handle15097955

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. JK Geisse P Rich A Pandya et al. (2002) ArticleTitleImiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomized, vehicle-controlled study J Am Acad Dermatol 47 390–398 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mjd.2002.126215 Occurrence Handle12196749

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. J Geisse I Caro J Lindholm et al. (2004) ArticleTitleImiquimod 5% cream for the treatment of superficial basal cell carcinoma: results from two phase III, randomized, vehicle-controlled studies J Am Acad Dermatol 50 722–733 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.jaad.2003.11.066 Occurrence Handle15097956

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. S Shumack J Robinson S Kossard et al. (2002) ArticleTitleEfficacy of topical 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of nodular basal cell carcinoma: comparison of dosing regimens Arch Dermatol 138 1165–1171 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archderm.138.9.1165 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnvVSksrg%3D Occurrence Handle12224977

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. A Mackenzie-Wood S Kossard J de Launey Particlede et al. (2001) ArticleTitleImiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of Bowen’s disease J Am Acad Dermatol 44 462–470 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mjd.2001.111335 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7pslSgtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11209116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. MF Naylor N Crowson R Kuwahara et al. (2003) ArticleTitleTreatment of lentigo maligna with topical imiquimod Br J Dermatol 149 (suppl 66) IssueIDsuppl 66 66–70

    Google Scholar 

  27. TM Becker JH Blount J Douglas et al. (1986) ArticleTitleTrends in molluscum contagiosum in the United States, 1966-1983 Sex Transm Dis 13 88–92 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaL283jsF2gtg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle3715678 Occurrence Handle10.1097/00007435-198604000-00007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. EW Jeffes Suffix3rd EH Tang (2000) ArticleTitleActinic keratosis. Current treatment options Am J Clin Dermatol 1 167–179 Occurrence Handle11702298

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. CA Frost AC Green (1994) ArticleTitleEpidemiology of solar keratoses Br J Dermatol 131 455–464 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FjsVWlsw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle7947197 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08544.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. InstitutionalAuthorNameAmerican Cancer Society. (2003) Cancer Facts & Figures 2003 American Cancer Society Atlanta GA

    Google Scholar 

  31. A Iftner SJ Klug C Garbe et al. (2003) ArticleTitleThe prevalence of human papillomavirus genotypes in nonmelanoma skin cancers of nonimmunosuppressed individuals identifies high-risk genital types as possible risk factors Cancer Res 63 7515–7519 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXovVGlur4%3D Occurrence Handle14612553

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. JP Arlette (2003) ArticleTitleTreatment of Bowen’s disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat Br J Dermatol 149 (suppl 66) IssueIDsuppl 66 43–49 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.0366-077X.2003.05635.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. K Nouri C O’Connell MP Rivas (2003) ArticleTitleImiquimod for the treatment of Bowen’s disease and invasive squamous cell carcinoma J Drugs Dermatol 2 669–673 Occurrence Handle14711149

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. TL Schroeder RD Sengelmann (2002) ArticleTitleSquamous cell carcinoma in situ of the penis successfully treated with imiquimod 5% cream J Am Acad Dermatol 46 545–548 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mjd.2002.120444 Occurrence Handle11907505

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Albino, AP, Reed, JA, McNutt, NS (1997) “Malignant melanoma” In: DeVita, VT, Jr, Hellman, S, Rosenberg, Sa (eds), Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, PA, pp 1935–1955

  36. M Grassberger T Baumruker A Enz et al. (1999) ArticleTitleA novel anti-inflammatory drug, SDZ ASM 981, for the treatment of skin diseases: in vitro pharmacology Br J Dermatol 141 264–273 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.02974.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtVykurg%3D Occurrence Handle10468798

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. T Zuberbier SU Chong K Grunow et al. (2001) ArticleTitleThe ascomycin macrolactam pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) is a potent inhibitor of mediator release from human dermal mast cells and peripheral blood basophils J Allergy Clin Immunol 108 275–280 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mai.2001.116865 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmslWqsbc%3D Occurrence Handle11496246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. LF Eichenfield AW Lucky M Boguniewicz et al. (2002) ArticleTitleSafety and efficacy of pimecrolimus (ASM 981) cream 1% in the treatment of mild and moderate atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents J Am Acad Dermatol 46 495–504 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mjd.2002.122187 Occurrence Handle11907497

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. A Paller LF Eichenfield DY Leung et al. (2001) ArticleTitleA 12-week study of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients J Am Acad Dermatol 44 S47–S57 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mjd.2001.109813 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7itVeltA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11145795

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. A Kapp K Papp A Bingham et al. (2002) ArticleTitleLong-term management of atopic dermatitis in infants with topical pimecrolimus, a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug J Allergy Clin Immunol 110 277–284 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mai.2002.126500 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntFSlsLk%3D Occurrence Handle12170269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. JG Meingassner H Fahrngruber A Bavandi (2003) ArticleTitlePimecrolimus inhibits the elicitation phase but does not suppress the sensitization phase in murine contact hypersensitivity, in contrast to tacrolimus and cyclosporine A J Invest Dermatol 121 77–80 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12331.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmtVegsbk%3D Occurrence Handle12839566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. D Amrol D Keitel D Hagaman et al. (2003) ArticleTitleTopical pimecrolimus in the treatment of human allergic contact dermatitis Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 91 563–566 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXltValsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle14700441 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61535-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. I Brownell LT Quan S Hsu (2003) ArticleTitleTopical pimecrolimus in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis Dermatol Online J 9 13 Occurrence Handle12952760

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. CE Crutchfield Suffix3rd (2002) ArticleTitlePimecrolimus: a new treatment for seborrheic dermatitis Cutis 70 207–208 Occurrence Handle12403310

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. FA Mayoral C Gonzalez NS Shah et al. (2003) ArticleTitleRepigmentation of vitiligo with pimecrolimus cream: a case report Dermatology 207 322–323 Occurrence Handle10.1159/000073099 Occurrence Handle14571079

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. U Mrowietz S Wustlich G Hoexter et al. (2003) ArticleTitleAn experimental ointment formulation of pimecrolimus is effective in psoriasis without occlusion Acta Derm Venereol 83 351–353 Occurrence Handle10.1080/00015550310003791 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnvVOltL0%3D Occurrence Handle14609102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. K Rappersberger M Komar ME Ebelin et al. (2002) ArticleTitlePimecrolimus identifies a common genomic anti-inflammatory profile, is clinically highly effective in psoriasis and is well tolerated J Invest Dermatol 119 876–887 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.00694.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XovVartbc%3D Occurrence Handle12406334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. NJ Reynolds WI. Al-Daraji (2002) ArticleTitleCalcineurin inhibitors and sirolimus: mechanisms of action and applications in dermatology Clin Exp Dermatol 27 555–561 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2230.2002.01148.x Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38jgt1yjug%3D%3D Occurrence Handle12464150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. S Sakuma Y Higashi N Sato et al. (2001) ArticleTitleTacrolimus suppressed the production of cytokines involved in atopic dermatitis by direct stimulation of human PBMC system. (Comparison with steroids) Int Immunopharmacol 1 1219–1226 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1567-5769(01)00059-5 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXktFyhurY%3D Occurrence Handle11407316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. T Sasakawa Y Higashi S Sakuma et al. (2004) ArticleTitleTopical application of FK506 (tacrolimus) ointment inhibits mite antigen-induced dermatitis by local action in NC/Nga mice Int Arch Allergy Immunol 133 55–63 Occurrence Handle10.1159/000076128 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXptVCktg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle14726632

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. JM Hanifin MR Ling R Langley et al. (2001) ArticleTitleTacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: part I, efficacy J Am Acad Dermatol 44 IssueIDsuppl S28–S38 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mjd.2001.109810 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7itVeltg%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11145793

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. NA Soter AB Fleischer SuffixJr GF Webster et al. (2001) ArticleTitleTacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: part II, safety J Am Acad Dermatol 44 (suppl) S39–S46 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mjd.2001.109817

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. S Kang AW Lucky D Pariser et al. (2001) ArticleTitleLong-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children J Am Acad Dermatol 44 (suppl) S58–S64 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mjd.2001.109812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. A Meshkinpour J Sun G Weinstein (2003) ArticleTitleAn open pilot study using tacrolimus ointment in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis J Am Acad Dermatol 49 145–147 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mjd.2003.450 Occurrence Handle12833030

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. TJ Braza JB DiCarlo SL Soon et al. (2003) ArticleTitleTacrolimus 0.1% ointment for seborrhoeic dermatitis: an open-label pilot study Br J Dermatol 148 1242–1244 Occurrence Handle10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05383.x Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmt12gtrw%3D Occurrence Handle12828755

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. YV Saripalli JE Gadzia DV Belsito (2003) ArticleTitleTacrolimus ointment 0.1% in the treatment of nickel-induced allergic contact dermatitis J Am Acad Dermatol 49 477–482 Occurrence Handle10.1067/S0190-9622(03)01826-7 Occurrence Handle12963912

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. T Assmann P Becker-Wegerich M Grewe et al. (2003) ArticleTitleTacrolimus ointment for the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus J Am Acad Dermatol 48 935–937 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mjd.2003.8 Occurrence Handle12789187

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. M Bohm U Frieling TA Luger et al. (2003) ArticleTitleSuccessful treatment of anogenital lichen sclerosus with topical tacrolimus Arch Dermatol 139 922–924 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archderm.139.7.922 Occurrence Handle12873890

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. JT Bamford BA Elliott IV. Haller (2004) ArticleTitleTacrolimus effect on rosacea J Am Acad Dermatol 50 107–108 Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0190-9622(03)02157-1 Occurrence Handle14699377

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. M Bohm M Gaubitz TA Luger et al. (2003) ArticleTitleTopical tacrolimus as a therapeutic adjunct in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. A report of three cases Dermatology 207 381–385 Occurrence Handle10.1159/000074119 Occurrence Handle14657631 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXpsVKqtbY%3D

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. T Yoshimasu T Ohtani T Sakamoto et al. (2002) ArticleTitleTopical FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy for facial erythematous lesions of cutaneous lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis Eur J Dermatol 12 50–52 Occurrence Handle11809595

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. J Chu M Bradley MP Marinkovich (2003) ArticleTitleTopical tacrolimus is a useful adjunctive therapy for bullous pemphigoid Arch Dermatol 139 813–815 Occurrence Handle10.1001/archderm.139.6.813 Occurrence Handle12810523

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. MJ Ko CY Chu (2003) ArticleTitleTopical tacrolimus therapy for localized bullous pemphigoid Br J Dermatol 149 1079–1081 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1365-2133.2003.05611.x Occurrence Handle14632824

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. TA Hodgson N Sahni F Kaliakatsou et al. (2003) ArticleTitleLong-term efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus in the management of ulcerative/erosive oral lichen planus Eur J Dermatol 13 466–470 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXps1amtrk%3D Occurrence Handle14693491

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. F Kaliakatsou TA Hodgson JD Lewsey et al. (2002) ArticleTitleManagement of recalcitrant ulcerative oral lichen planus with topical tacrolimus J Am Acad Dermatol 46 35–41 Occurrence Handle10.1067/mjd.2002.120535 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FksFCksQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle11756943

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

    Robert Skinner

  2. Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 956 Court Avenue, Room E336, Memphis, TN 38163, USA

    Robert Skinner

Authors
  1. Robert Skinner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert Skinner.

Additional information

Dr. Skinner has participated in advisory boards and a speaker’s bureau for 3M Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and has also participated in speaker’s bureau for Novartis.

About this article

Cite this article

Skinner, R. Role of Topical Therapies in the Management of Cutaneous Disease. J Cutan Med Surg 8 (Suppl 3), 22–31 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10227-004-0805-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10227-004-0805-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation