Abstract
This review of the copper–iron interaction in Wilson's disease was mainly based on ten patients (three females and seven males) studied in our institutes because the genetic tests of ATP7B for Wilson's disease of primary copper toxicosis and HFE for hemochromatosis, the biochemical parameters of copper and iron, and morphological studies on biopsied liver specimens were complete. All patients had hypoceruloplasminemia and hepatic lesions compatible with Wilson's disease. One patient was homozygous and nine patients were compound heterozygous for the mutations in ATP7B, and all patients were free from the major mutation, C282Y, of HFE. The biochemical parameters of iron metabolism were not specific, except for serum ferritin concentration. Judging from the traditional criteria, seven patients had hyperferritinemia. Histochemical iron was stained in the livers of seven patients and histochemical copper was found in nine patients. Microanalysis was more sensitive than histochemistry, detecting copper and iron accumulation in the hepatocellular lipofuscin particles of all patients. Using an improved fixative, intralipofuscin distribution was found to be different between cuprothionein and iron complexes. Iron overload in Wilson's disease might be worsened after treatment because of the close relation to hypoceruloplasminemia, in which the iron efflux from the liver to the circulation is disturbed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
JD Gitlin (2003) ArticleTitleWilson disease Gastroenterology 125 1868–1877 Occurrence Handle14724838 Occurrence Handle10.1053/j.gastro.2003.05.010
EA Roberts ML Schilsky (2003) ArticleTitleA practice guideline on Wilson disease Hepatology 37 1475–1492 Occurrence Handle12774027 Occurrence Handle10.1053/jhep.2003.50252
M Harada (2002) ArticleTitleWilson disease Med Electron Microsc 35 61–66 Occurrence Handle12181646 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnsVOgtrw%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/s007950200007
RE Tanzi K Petrukhin I Chernov JL Pellequer W Wasco B Ross DM Romano E Parano L Pavone Brzustowicz (1993) ArticleTitleThe Wilson disease gene is a copper transporting ATPase with homology to the Menkes disease gene Nat Genet 5 344–350 Occurrence Handle8298641 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXht1Kns7c%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/ng1293-344
PC Bull GR Thomas JM Rommens JR Forbes DW Cox (1993) ArticleTitleThe Wilson disease gene is a putative copper transporting P-type ATPase similar to the Menkes gene Nat Genet 5 327–337 Occurrence Handle8298639 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXht1Kns7Y%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/ng1293-327
Y Yamaguchi ME Heiny JD Gitlin (1993) ArticleTitleIsolation and characterization of a human liver cDNA as a candidate gene for Wilson disease Biochem Biophys Res Commun 197 271–277 Occurrence Handle8250934 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhtVCjs7g%3D Occurrence Handle10.1006/bbrc.1993.2471
Y Shiono S Wakusawa H Hayashi T Takikawa M Yano T Okada H Mabuchi S Kono H Miyajima (2001) ArticleTitleIron accumulation in the liver of male patients with Wilson's disease Am J Gastroenterol 96 3147–3151 Occurrence Handle11721763 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXpt1Kmtb0%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1572-0241.2001.05269.x
S Osaki DA Johnson E Frieden (1971) ArticleTitleThe mobilization of iron from the perfused mammalian liver by a serum copper enzyme, ferroxidase J Biol Chem 246 3018–3023 Occurrence Handle5554305 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXktVagtrs%3D
ZK Attieh CK Mukhopadhyay V Seshadri NA Trioulas PL Fox (1999) ArticleTitleCeruloplasmin ferroxidase activity stimulates cellular iron uptake by a trivalent cation-specific transport mechanism J Biol Chem 274 1116–1123 Occurrence Handle9873059 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtFGktw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1074/jbc.274.2.1116
H Miyajima Y Nishimura K Mizoguchi M Sakamoto T Shimizu N Honda (1987) ArticleTitleFamilial apoceruloplasmin deficiency associated with blepharospasm and retinal degeneration Neurology 37 761–767 Occurrence Handle3574673 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiiB3c3jt1M%3D
K Yoshida K Furihata S Takeda A Nakamura K Yamamoto H Morita S Hiyamuta S Ikeda N Shimizu N Yanagisawa (1995) ArticleTitleA mutation in the ceruloplasmin gene is associated with systemic hemosiderosis in humans Nat Genet 9 267–272 Occurrence Handle7539672 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXkt1Oitro%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/ng0395-267
JN Feder A Gnirke W Thomas Z Tsuchihashi DA Ruddy A Basava F Dormishian R Domingo SuffixJr MC Ellis A Fullan LM Hinton NL Jones BE Kimmel GS Kronmal P Lauer VK Lee DB Loeb FA Mapa E MaClelland NC Meyer GA Mintier N Moeller T Moore E Morikang CE Prass L Quintana SM Starnes RC Schatzman KJ Brunke DT Drayna NJ Rish BR Bacon RK Wolff (1996) ArticleTitleA novel MHC class I-like gene is mutated in patients with hereditary haemochromatosis Nat Genet 13 399–408 Occurrence Handle8696333 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaK28XkslOnurg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1038/ng0896-399
JM Walshe DW Cox (1998) ArticleTitleEffect of treatment of Wilson's disease on natural history of haemochromatosis Lancet 352 112–113 Occurrence Handle9672279 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1czjs1ShsQ%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0140-6736(98)85017-4
A Erhardt A Hoffmann H Hefter D Haussinger (2002) ArticleTitleHFE gene mutations and iron metabolism in Wilson's disease Liver 22 474–478 Occurrence Handle12445172 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXit1Shuw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1034/j.1600-0676.2002.01732.x
Y Shiono H Hayashi S Wakusawa M Yano (2001) ArticleTitleUltrastructural identification of iron and copper accumulation in the liver of a male patient with Wilson disease Med Electron Microsc 34 54–60 Occurrence Handle11479773 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DC%2BD38%2FislKltw%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1007/s007950100004
A Harashima A Hattori H Hyashi S Wakusawa A Kusakabe Y Fujita M Tanaka M Yano K Yoshioka (2004) ArticleTitleCompound load of copper and iron in the livers of pretreatment patients with Wilson's disease J Trace Elem Exp Med 17 65–73 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhsVylsro%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/jtra.10054
H Hayashi T Ueno M Yano T Okada H Mabuchi (2005) ArticleTitleTwo male patients with Wilson's disease treated using trientine and iron reduction therapy J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20 1627–1628 Occurrence Handle16174091 Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03966.x
P Ferenci K Caca G Loudianos G Mieli-Vergani S Tanner I Sternlieb M Schilsky D Cox F Berr (2003) ArticleTitleDiagnosis and phenotypic classification of Wilson disease Liver Int 23 139–142 Occurrence Handle12955875 Occurrence Handle10.1034/j.1600-0676.2003.00824.x
IH Scheinberg D Gitlin (1952) ArticleTitleDeficiency of ceruloplasmin in patients with hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) Science 116 484–485 Occurrence Handle12994898 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaG2cXot1am
PL Fox (2003) ArticleTitleThe copper-iron chronicles: the story of an intimate relationship Biometals 16 9–40 Occurrence Handle12572662 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XnvFOhsrg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1023/A:1020799512190
T Okada Y Shiono H Hayashi H Satoh T Sawada A Suzuki Y Takeda M Yano K Michitaka M Onji H Mabuchi (2000) ArticleTitleMutational analysis of ATP7B and genotype-phenotype correlation in Japanese with Wilson's disease Hum Mutat 15 454–462 Occurrence Handle10790207 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXjtlylsbs%3D Occurrence Handle10.1002/(SICI)1098-1004(200005)15:5<454::AID-HUMU7>3.0.CO;2-J
A Hattori S Wakusawa H Hayashi A Harashima F Sanae M Kawanaka G Yamada M Yano K Yoshioka (2003) ArticleTitleAVAQ 594-597 deletion of the TfR2 gene in a Japanese family with hemochromatosis Hepatol Res 26 154–156 Occurrence Handle12809944 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXksVegtbo%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S1386-6346(03)00086-X
J Kato K Fujikawa M Kanda N Fukuda K Sasaki T Takayama M Kobune K Takada R Takimoto H Hamada T Ikeda Y Niitsu (2001) ArticleTitleA mutation, in the iron-responsive element of H ferritin mRNA, causing autosomal dominant iron overload Am J Hum Genet 69 191–197 Occurrence Handle11389486 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXls1emtL8%3D Occurrence Handle10.1086/321261
C Koyama H Hayashi S Wakusawa T Ueno M Yano Y Katano H Goto R Kidokoro (2005) ArticleTitleThree patients with middle-age-onset hemochromatosis caused by novel mutations in the hemojuvelin gene J Hepatol 43 740–742 Occurrence Handle16099526 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpvFamtbc%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.jhep.2005.06.024
T Hanaichi R Kidokoro H Hayashi N Sakamoto (1984) ArticleTitleElectron probe X-ray analysis on human hepatocellular lysosomes with copper deposits: copper binding to a thiol-protein in lysosomes Lab Invest 51 592–759 Occurrence Handle6492760 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BiqD3svptVQ%3D
G Yasuzumi (1962) ArticleTitleElectron microscopy and x-ray scanning microanalysis of needle biopsy material from human liver J Cell Biol 14 421–431 Occurrence Handle14002530 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaF3sXktlSisbs%3D Occurrence Handle10.1083/jcb.14.3.421
A Terms UT Brunk (2004) ArticleTitleLipofuscin Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36 1400–1404 Occurrence Handle10.1016/j.biocel.2003.08.009
H Hayashi T Takikawa N Nishimua M Yano T Isomura N Sakamoto (1994) ArticleTitleImprovement of serum aminotransferase levels after phlebotomy in patients with chronic active hepatitis C and excess hepatic iron Am J Gastroenterol 89 986–988 Occurrence Handle8017395 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByuB1cfgtF0%3D
A Piperno M Sampietro R D'Alba L Roffi S Fargion S Parma C Nicoli N Corbetta M Pozzi V Arosio G Boari G Fiorelli (1996) ArticleTitleIron stores, response to α-interferon therapy, and effects of iron depletion in chronic hepatitis C Liver 16 248–254 Occurrence Handle8877995 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:ByiD3s3gvF0%3D
MG Irving JW Halliday LW Powell (1988) ArticleTitleAssociation between alcoholism and increased hepatic iron stores Alcohol Clin Exp Res 12 7–13 Occurrence Handle3279862 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXht1GqtLg%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1530-0277.1988.tb00124.x
Y Suzuki H Saito M Suzuki Y Hosoki S Sakurai Y Fujimoto Y Kohgo (2002) ArticleTitleUp-regulation of transferrin receptor expression in hepatocytes by habitual alcohol drinking is implicated in hepatic iron overload in alcoholic liver disease Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26 26S–31S Occurrence Handle12198371 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XntFels7w%3D Occurrence Handle10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02698.x
DK George S Goldwurm GA MacDonald LL Cowley NI Walker PJ Ward EC Jazwinska LW Powell (1998) ArticleTitleIncreased hepatic iron concentration in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is associated with increased fibrosis Gastroenterology 114 311–318 Occurrence Handle9453491 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1c7hsVagtA%3D%3D Occurrence Handle10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70482-2
T Nakashima Y Sumida M Furutani A Hirohama M Okita H Mitsuyoshi Y Itoh T Okanoue (2005) ArticleTitleElevation of serum thioredoxin levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis Hepatol Res 33 135–137 Occurrence Handle16257259 Occurrence Handle1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht1GnurjO
E Rocchi P Gibertini M Cassanelli A Pietrangelo A Borghi E Ventura (1986) ArticleTitleSerum ferritin in the assessment of liver iron overload and iron removal therapy in porphyria cutenea tarda J Lab Clin Med 107 36–42 Occurrence Handle3941293 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:BimD1cjmsVE%3D
M Sampietro G Fiorelli S Fargion (1999) ArticleTitleIron overload in porphyria cutenea tarda Haematologica 84 248–253 Occurrence Handle10189391 Occurrence Handle1:STN:280:DyaK1M3hvVWmug%3D%3D
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hayashi, H., Yano, M., Fujita, Y. et al. Compound overload of copper and iron in patients with Wilson's disease. Med Mol Morphol 39, 121–126 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00795-006-0326-7
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00795-006-0326-7