Abstract
In order to attain a finer reconstruction of the peopling of southern and central-eastern Europe from the Levant, we determined the frequencies of eight lineages internal to the Y chromosomal haplogroup J, defined by biallelic markers, in 22 population samples obtained with a fine-grained sampling scheme. Our results partially resolve a major multifurcation of lineages within the haplogroup. Analyses of molecular variance show that the area covered by haplogroup J dispersal is characterized by a significant degree of molecular radiation for unique event polymorphisms within the haplogroup, with a higher incidence of the most derived sub-haplogroups on the northern Mediterranean coast, from Turkey westward; here, J diversity is not simply a subset of that present in the area in which this haplogroup first originated. Dating estimates, based on simple tandem repeat loci (STR) diversity within each lineage, confirmed the presence of a major population structuring at the time of spread of haplogroup J in Europe and a punctuation in the peopling of this continent in the post-Neolithic, compatible with the expansion of the Greek world. We also present here, for the first time, a novel method for comparative dating of lineages, free of assumptions of STR mutation rates.
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Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Vincent Macaulay for critically reviewing this manuscript during its preparation. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their useful comments. This work was supported by grant PRIN-MIUR 2002, 2003 to A.N. and PRIN-MIUR 2003 to G.Pa. Sampling in Russia was carried out within the frame of a Science and Technology Cooperation agreement between Italy and Russia (P.M. and A.I.K.: principal investigators).
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Appendix
Appendix
Haplotype information for the 247 subjects typed for the five STR markers
Sub-haplogroup | DYS19 | DYS388 | DYS390 | DYS392 | DYS393 | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
J*(xJ1, J2) | ||||||
13 | 13 | 25 | 11 | 13 | 1 | |
14 | 14 | 23 | 11 | 13 | 1 | |
15 | 12 | 21 | 11 | 13 | 1 | |
15 | 12 | 22 | 10 | 15 | 1 | |
J1 | ||||||
13 | 15 | 24 | 11 | 13 | 1 | |
13 | 15 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
13 | 16 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 13 | 23 | 11 | 13 | 6 | |
14 | 13 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 2 | |
14 | 14 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 15 | 22 | 11 | 12 | 2 | |
14 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 15 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 2 | |
14 | 16 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 17 | |
14 | 16 | 23 | 12 | 12 | 2 | |
14 | 16 | 24 | 11 | 13 | 1 | |
14 | 16 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 17 | 22 | 12 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 17 | 23 | 9 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 17 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 10 | |
14 | 17 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 18 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 2 | |
15 | 12 | 22 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
15 | 16 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 3 | |
15 | 16 | 23 | 11 | 14 | 1 | |
15 | 17 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
15 | 18 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
16 | 16 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
J2*(xDYS413≤18, J2e) | ||||||
14 | 14 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 14 | 24 | 11 | 13 | 1 | |
14 | 14 | 25 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 15 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
J2e | ||||||
14 | 15 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 3 | |
14 | 17 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
15 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 2 | |
15 | 15 | 23 | 12 | 12 | 2 | |
15 | 15 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 5 | |
15 | 15 | 25 | 11 | 12 | 2 | |
15 | 17 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
16 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
16 | 15 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 3 | |
15 | 15 | 24 | 12 | 12 | 1 | |
J2-(DYS413≤18)(xJ2a, J2f) | ||||||
12 | 15 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
13 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 14 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 2 | |
14 | 14 | 24 | 11 | 13 | 2 | |
14 | 14 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 3 | |
14 | 15 | 22 | 11 | 12 | 3 | |
14 | 15 | 22 | 11 | 14 | 2 | |
14 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 16 | |
14 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 13 | 2 | |
14 | 15 | 24 | 11 | 13 | 1 | |
14 | 15 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 2 | |
14 | 16 | 23 | 11 | 13 | 1 | |
14 | 16 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 17 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 4 | |
15 | 13 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
15 | 14 | 25 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
15 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 14 | 2 | |
15 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 12 | |
15 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 13 | 3 | |
15 | 15 | 24 | 11 | 13 | 1 | |
15 | 15 | 24 | 11 | 14 | 1 | |
15 | 15 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 2 | |
15 | 15 | 25 | 11 | 12 | 4 | |
15 | 15 | 26 | 11 | 12 | 3 | |
15 | 16 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 10 | |
15 | 16 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 2 | |
15 | 16 | 26 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
15 | 17 | 22 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
15 | 17 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
16 | 14 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
16 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 5 | |
16 | 16 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
16 | 17 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
17 | 13 | 23 | 11 | 13 | 1 | |
17 | 13 | 25 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
17 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 3 | |
J2a | ||||||
14 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
J2f*(xJ2f1) | ||||||
14 | 13 | 21 | 11 | 12 | 2 | |
14 | 13 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 2 | |
14 | 14 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 15 | 22 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 15 | |
14 | 16 | 22 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 16 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 3 | |
14 | 16 | 24 | 11 | 12 | 2 | |
14 | 16 | 24 | 12 | 12 | 2 | |
14 | 17 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
15 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 10 | 1 | |
15 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 3 | |
16 | 15 | 23 | 11 | 12 | 3 | |
J2f1 | ||||||
13 | 15 | 22 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 15 | 22 | 11 | 13 | 1 | |
14 | 15 | 22 | 11 | 12 | 8 | |
14 | 15 | 22 | 12 | 12 | 1 | |
14 | 16 | 22 | 11 | 12 | 1 | |
15 | 15 | 22 | 11 | 12 | 2 | |
15 | 15 | 22 | 11 | 14 | 2 | |
15 | 15 | 22 | 11 | 13 | 3 | |
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Di Giacomo, F., Luca, F., Popa, L.O. et al. Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe. Hum Genet 115, 357–371 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9