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Noncoding RNA in development

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Abstract

Non-protein-coding sequences increasingly dominate the genomes of multicellular organisms as their complexity increases, in contrast to protein-coding genes, which remain relatively static. Most of the mammalian genome and indeed that of all eukaryotes is expressed in a cell- and tissue-specific manner, and there is mounting evidence that much of this transcription is involved in the regulation of differentiation and development. Different classes of small and large noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been shown to regulate almost every level of gene expression, including the activation and repression of homeotic genes and the targeting of chromatin-remodeling complexes. ncRNAs are involved in developmental processes in both simple and complex eukaryotes, and we illustrate this in the latter by focusing on the animal germline, brain, and eye. While most have yet to be systematically studied, the emerging evidence suggests that there is a vast hidden layer of regulatory ncRNAs that constitutes the majority of the genomic programming of multicellular organisms and plays a major role in controlling the epigenetic trajectories that underlie their ontogeny.

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Acknowledgements

PPA is supported by a University of Queensland International Research Award. JSM is supported by a Federation Fellowship from the Australian Research Council. We thank our laboratory colleagues and collaborators for many stimulating discussions and for bringing many interesting papers to our attention. We also thank John Rinn for his helpful comments on the manuscript, and Carlo Brena, Yuji Kageyama, Tracy Young-Pearse, and the Allen Institute for Brain Science for providing high-resolution images of the figures.

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Correspondence to John S. Mattick.

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Amaral, P.P., Mattick, J.S. Noncoding RNA in development. Mamm Genome 19, 454–492 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00335-008-9136-7

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