Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Halcampulactidae (Actiniaria, Actinostoloidea), a new family of burrowing sea anemones with external brooding from Antarctica

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Polar Biology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Brooding is known for at least 57 species within Actiniaria, making it a rare phenomenon among the approximately 1100 described species in the order. Within the order, brooders are known from taxonomically disparate groups in both suborders (Anenthemonae and Enthemonae) and all superfamilies except for Actinernoidea. Two-thirds of brooders do so internally and have a pan-latitudinal distribution whereas external brooders show a disproportionate diversity in the poles, particularly in the Southern Ocean. Here, we describe Halcampulactidae fam. nov., a new family of burrowing sea anemones from Antarctica characterized by a novel combination of morphological features: twelve mesenteries (eight macrocnemes and four microcnemes) and invaginations of the oral disc similar to glandular sacs of Oractiidae Riemann-Zürneck (Polar Biol 23:604–608, 2000) hypothesized to brood offspring. Halcampulactidae fam. nov. is the first endemic family from Antarctica and Halcampulactis solimar sp. nov. is the 11th species of sea anemone with parental care recorded from Antarctica; it is also the first burrowing anemone with external brooding from the Southern Ocean, representing the second instance of external brooding on the oral disc within the order Actiniaria. In addition, we use molecular evidence to establish the phylogenetic position of the new family within the order; Halcampulactidae fam. nov. is the first burrowing family within the superfamily Actinostoloidea. We discuss the evolution of external brooding within the superfamily in light of these new findings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Andres A (1881) Prodomus neapolitanae actiniarium faunae addito generalis actiniarum bibliographiae catalogo. Mitt Zool Stn Neapel 2:305–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Andres A (1883) Le Attinie (Monografia). Coi Tipo der Salviucci, Roma

    Google Scholar 

  • Annandale N (1915) Fauna of the Chilka Lake. The Coelenterates of the lake, with an account of the Actiniaria of brackish water in Gangetic Delta. Mem Indian Mus 5:65–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Appellöf A (1836) Die Actiniengattungen Fenja, Aegir, und Halcampoides, DAN. Bergens Mus Aarbog 11:3–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Bourne GC (1916) A description of five new species of Edwardsia, Quatr., from New Guinea, with an account of the Order of succession of the micromesenteries and tentacles in the Edwardsidae. J Linn Soc Lond Zool 32:513–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brasier MJ, Grant SM, Trathan L et al (2018) Benthic biodiversity in the South Orkney Islands Southern shelf marine protected area. Biodiversity 19:5–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O (1891) Protanthea simplex nov. gen. nov. sp., eine eigentümliche Actinie. Vorläufige mitteilung. Öfver K Vetenskaps-Akad Förhand 48:81–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O (1893) Studien über Nordische Actinien. K Svenska Vetenskapsakad Handl 25:1–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O (1900) Über Pentactinia californica nov. gen. nov. sp. Öfver K Vetenskaps-Akad Förhand 57:1165–1172

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O (1901) Die brutpflege der Actiniarian. Biolog Central 21:468–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O (1921) Actiniaria part I. Danish Ingolf-Exped 5:1–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O (1925) Zur Kenntnis der Hexacorallen. Zool Anz 65:87–99

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O (1927) Actiniaria and Zoantharia. In: Odhner T (ed) Further Zoological Results Swedish Antarctic Expedition 1901–1903. P.A. Norstedt & Söner, Stockholm, pp 1–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O, Stephenson TA (1929) Actiniaria. In: Briggs EA (ed) Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–14 under the leadership of Sir Douglas Mawson, O.B.E., D.Sc., B.E., F.R.S. Scientific Reports. Series C.-Zoology and Botany. Government Printer, Sidney, pp 5–34

  • Carlgren O (1932) Die Ceriantharien, Zoantharien und Actiniarien des arktischen Gebietes. In: Römer F, Schaudinn F, Brauer A, Arndt W (eds) Fauna arctica 6. Gustav Fischer, Jena, pp 255–266

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O (1937) A new actinian. Smith Misc Coll 91:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O (1938) South African Actiniaria and Zoantharia. K Svenska Vetenskapsakad Handl 17:1–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O (1940) A contribution to the knowledge of the structure and distribution of the cnidae in the Anthozoa. K Svenska Vetenskapsakad Handl 51:1–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O (1943) East-Asiatic Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. K Svenska Vetenskapsakad Handl 20:1–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O (1949) A survey of Ptychodactiria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. K Svenska Vetenskapsakad Handl 1:1–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O (1951) The actinian fauna of the Gulf of California. Proc US Natl Mus 101:415–449

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlgren O (1956) Actiniaria from depths exceeding 6000 meters. Galathea Rep 2:9–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Chia FS (1976) Sea anemone reproduction: patterns and adaptive radiations. In: Mackie GO (ed) Coelenterate ecology and behavior. Plenum Press, New York, pp 261–270

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Chia FS, Rostron MA (1970) Some aspects of the reproductive biology of Actinia equina (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 50:253–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clubb JA (1902) Actiniae, with an account on their peculiar brood chambers. Rep Coll Nat Hist Southern Cross 294–309

  • Daly M, Chaudhuri A, Gusmão L, Rodríguez E (2008) Phylogenetic relationships among sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Mol Phyl Evol 48:292–301

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daly M, Gusmão L, Reft A, Rodríguez E (2010) Phylogenetic signal in mitochondrial and nuclear markers in sea anemones (Cnidaria, Actiniaria). Int Comp Biol 50:371–388

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daly M, Crowley LM, Larson P, Rodríguez E, Saucier EH, Fautin DG (2017) Anthopleura and phylogeny of Actinioidea (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Org Divers Evol 17:545–564

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dana JD (1848) Zoophytes. United States Exploring Expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia

  • Danielssen DC (1890) Actinida. Den Norske Nordhavs-Expedition, Christiana

    Google Scholar 

  • Darriba D, Taboada GL, Doallo R, Posada D (2012) jModeltest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat Methods 9:772

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duchassaing de Fonbressin P, Michelotti G (1860) Mémoir sur les corralliares des Antilles. Imprimerie Royale, Turin

    Google Scholar 

  • Dunn DF (1975) Reproduction of the externally brooding sea anemone Epiactis prolifera Verrill, 1869. Biol Bull 148:199–218

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn DF (1983) Some Antarctic and sub-Antarctic sea anemones (Coelenterata: Ptychodactiaria and Actiniaria). Ant Res Ser 39:1–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • England KW (1987) Certain Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) from the Red Sea and tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean. Bull Brit Mus Nat Hist 53:205–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Farquhar H (1898) Preliminary account of some New Zealand Actiniaria. J Linn Soc Lond Zool 26:527–536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fautin DG (1988) The importance of nematocysts to actiniarian taxonomy. In: Hessinger DA, Lenhoff HM (eds) The Biology of Nematocysts. Academic Press, New York, pp 487–500

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fautin DH, Chia FS (1986) Revision of sea anemone genus Epiactis (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) on the Pacific coast of North America, with descriptions of two new brooding species. Can J Zool 64:1665–1674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler GH (1894) Octineon lindahli (W. B. Carpenter): an undescribed anthozoon of novel structure. Q J Micros Sci 35:461–480

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghiselin MT (1969) The evolution of hermaphroditism in animals. Q Rev Biol 44:189–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goloboff PA, Farris JS, Nixon KC (2008) TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 24:774–786

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosse PH (1855) Description of Peachia hastata, a new genus and species of the Class Zoophyta; with observations on the family Actiniadae. Trans Linn Soc Lond 21:267–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosse PH (1858) Synopsis of the families, genera, and species of the British Actiniae. Ann Mag Nat Hist 1:414–419

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosse PH (1859) Characters and descriptions of some new British sea anemones. Ann Mag Nat Hist 3:46–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Grajales A, Rodríguez E (2016) Elucidating the evolutionary relationships of the Aiptasiidae, a widespread Cnidarian-dinoflagellate model system (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Metridioidea). Mol Phyl Evol 94:252–263

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grebelnyi SD (1982) Symmetriya aktinei i ee znachenie dlya klassifikatsii Anthozoa [Symmetry of actinians and its significance for the classification of Anthozoa]. Biologiya Korallovikh Reefov [Biology of Coral Reefs]. Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Vladivostok, pp 101–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Guindon S, Gascuel O (2003) A simple, fast and accurate method to estimate large phylogenies by maximum-likelihood. Syst Biol 52:696–704

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gusmão LC, Daly M (2010) Evolution of sea anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Hormathiidae) symbiotic with hermit crabs. Mol Phyl Evol 56:868–877

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gusmão LC, Brandão RA, Daly D (2016) Edwardsia migottoi sp. nov., the first sea anemone species of Edwardsia de Quatrefages 1842 (Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Edwardsiidae) from the Southwestern Atlantic. Mar Biodivers 48:1313–1323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gusmão LC, Grajales A, Rodríguez E (2018) Sea anemones through X-rays: vsualization of Two species of Diadumene (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) using nicro-CT. Am Mus Novit 3907:1–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hertwig R (1882) Die actinien der challenger expedition. Gustav Fischer, Jena

    Google Scholar 

  • Izumi T, Yanagi K, Fujita T (2016) The ‘Antenna balloon anemone’ found in the Seto Inland Sea: new genus and species of sea anemone, Antennapeachia setouchi (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Haloclavidae). Zool Sci 33:448–453

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Izumi T, Fujita T, Yanagi K (2017) Antennapeachia jambio (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Haloclavidae), the second species of genus Antennapeachia, with revision of the diagnosis of the genus. Spec Div 22:109–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jennison BL (1981) Reproduction in three species of sea anemones from Key West, Florida. Can J Zool 59:1708–1719

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol Evol 30:772–780

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Katoh K, Rozewicki J, Yamada KD (2017) MAFFT online service: multiple sequence alignment, interactive sequence choice and visualization. Brief Bioinform bbx108. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bbx108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kearse M, Moir R, Wilson A et al (2012) Geneious basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics 28:1647–1649

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kozlov AM, Darriba D, Flouri T, Morel B, Stamatakis A (2018) RaxML-NG: A fast, scalable, and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. bioRxiv 3:150. https://doi.org/10.1101/447110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwietniewski CR (1896) Revision der Actinien, welche von Herrn Prof. Studer auf der reise der korvette gazelle um die erde gesammelt wurden. Jena Z Naturwiss 30:583–603

    Google Scholar 

  • Larson P (2017) Brooding sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria): paragons of diversity in mode, morphology, and maternity. Invertebr Zool 136:92–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson P, Daly M (2015) ‘Putting names with face’: a description of Epiactis handi sp. nov. helps to resolve taxonomic confusion in species of the sea anemone Epiactis (Actiniaria, Actiniidae). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 95:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson P, Daly M (2016) Phylogenetic analysis reveals an evolutionary transition from internal to external brooding in Epiactis Verrill (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) and rejects the validity of the genus Cnidopus Carlgren. Mol Phyl Evol 94:548–558

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauretta D (1767) Systema naturae. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauretta D, Häussermann V, Brugler MR, Rodríguez E (2014) Isoparactis fionae sp. nov. (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from Southern Patagonia with a discussion of the family Isanthidae. Org Div Evol 14:31–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Sueur CA (1817) Observations on several species of the genus Actinia; illustrated by figures. J Acad Sci (Philadelphia) 1:149–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Lütken C (1875) A revised catalogue of the Anthozoa and Calycozoa of Greenland. In: Jones R (ed) Manual of the natural history, geology, and physics of greenland and the neighbouring regions. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, pp 186–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Manuel RL (1981) British Anthozoa keys and notes for the identification of the species. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • McMurrich JP (1891) Contributions on the morphology of the Actinozoa. III. The phylogeny of the Actinozoa. J Morph 5:125–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMurrich JP (1893) Report of the Actiniae collected by the United States Fish Commission steamer Albatross during the winter of 1887–1888. Proc US Natl Mus 16:119–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMurrich JP (1904) The Actiniae of the plate collection. Cool Jahrb 2:215–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Mileikovsky SA (1971) Types of larval development in marine bottom invertebrates, their distribution and ecological significance: a re-evaluation. Mar Biol 10:193–213

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller MA, Pfeiffer W, Schwartz T (2010) Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In: Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), pp 1–8

  • Moseley HN (1877) On new forms of Actiniaria dredged in the deep sea; with a description of certain pelagic surface-swimming species. Trans Linn Soc Lond 1:295–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orejas C, Gili JM, López-González PJ, Hasemann C, Arntz WE (2007) Reproduction patterns of four Antarctic octocorals in the Weddell Sea: an inter-specific, shape, and latitudinal comparison. Mar Biol 150:551–563

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panikkar NK (1936) The structure, bionomics, and systematic position of the two new brackish-water Actiniaria from Madras. Proc Zool Soc Lond 1936:229–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearse JS, Mooi R, Lockhart SJ, Brandt A (2009) Brooding and species diversity in the southern ocean: selection for brooders or speciation within brooding clades? In: Krupnik I, Lang MA, Miller SE (eds) Smithsonian at the Poles: contributions to international polar year science. Smithsonian Inst Press, Washington, DC, pp 181–196

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Presnell JK, Schreibman MP (1997) Humason’s animal tissue techniques, 5th edn. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Rafinesque CS (1815) Analyse de la Nature ou Tableau de l’Univers et des Corps Organisés. CS Rafinesque, Palermo

    Google Scholar 

  • Riemann-Zürneck K (2000) Oractis bursifera sp. nov., an Arctic deep-sea anemone with peculiar invaginations of its oral disc (Cnidaria: Actiniaria). Polar Biol 23:604–608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rintoul S (2007) Antarctic circumpolar current. In: Riffenburgh B (ed) Encyclopedia of the Antarctic. Routledge, New York, pp 234–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez E, López-González PJ (2003) Stephanthus antarcticus, a new genus and species of sea anemones (Actiniaria, Haloclavidae) from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Helgol Mar Res 57:54–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez E, López-González PJ (2013) New records of Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic sea anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria and Corallimorpharia) from the Weddell Sea, Antarctic Peninsula, and Scotia Arc. Zootaxa 3624:1–100

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez E, López-González PJ, Gili JM (2007) Biogeography of Antarctic sea anemones (Anthozoa, Actiniaria): what do they tell us about the origin of the Antarctic benthic fauna. Deep Sea Res Part 2. Top Stud Oceanogr 54:1876–1904

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez E, Castorani CN, Daly M (2008) Morphological phylogeny of family Actinostolidae (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) with a description of a new genus and species of hydrothermal vent sea anemone redefining family Actinoscyphiidae. Invert Syst 22:439–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez E, López-González PJ, Daly M (2009) New family of sea anemones (Actiniaria, Acontiaria) from deep polar seas. Polar Biol 32:703–717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez E, Barbeitos M, Daly M, Gusmão LC, Häussermann V (2012) Toward a natural classification: phylogeny of acontiate sea anemones (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria). Cladistics 1:1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez E, Orejas C, López-González PJ, Gili JM (2013) Reproduction in the externally brooding sea anemone Epiactis georgiana in the Antarctic Peninsula and the Weddell Sea. Mar Biol 160:67–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez E, Barbeitos MS, Brugler MR, Crowley LM, Grajales A, Gusmão LC, Häussermann V, Reft A, Daly M (2014) Hidden among sea anemones: the first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLOS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0096998

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sanamyan NP (2001) New and poorly known Actiniaria from the NW Pacific. Zoosyst Rossica 9:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanamyan NP (2003) New record of Oceanactis diomedeae (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Oractiidae) and systematic position of the genera Oceanactis and Oractis. Spec Div 8:93–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanamyan NP, Sanamyan KE (2006) The genera Urticina and Cribrinopsis (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from the north-western Pacific. J Nat Hist 40:359–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sars M (1851) Beretning om en i Sommeren 1849 foretagen zoologisk Reise i lofoten og Finmarken. Nyt Mag Nat 6:121–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt H (1969) Die nesselkapseln der Aktinien und ihre differentialdiagnostische Bedeutung. Helgol Wiss Meeres 19:284–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt H (1972) Die Nesselkapseln der Anthozoen und ihre Bedeutung fur die phylogenetische Systematik. Helgol Wiss Meeres 23:422–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt H (1974) On evolution in the Anthozoa. In: Proceedings of the Second International Coral Reef Symposium, vol 1, pp 533–560

  • Shick JM (1991) A functional biology of sea anemones. In: Calow P (ed) Functional biology series. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 1–317

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Siebert AE (1973) A description on the sea anemone Stomphia didemon sp. nov. and its development. Pac Sci 27:363–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson TA (1918) Coelenterata. I. Actiniaria. Nat Hist Rep Brit Ant (“Terra Nova”) Exp 1910(5):1–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson TA (1920) On the classification of Actiniaria. Part I. Forms with acontia and forms with a mesogloeal sphincter. Q J Microsc Sci 64:425–574

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson TA (1921) On the classification of Actiniaria. Part II. Consideration of the whole group and its relationships, with special reference to forms not treated in Part I. Q J Microsc Sci 65:493–576

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson TA (1922) On the classification of Actiniaria. Part III. Definitions connected with the forms dealt with in Part II. Q J Microsc Sci 66:247–319

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson TA (1928) The British sea anemones, vol 1. Ray Society, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson TA (1935) The British sea anemones, vol 2. Ray Society, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuckey FGA (1909) A review of the New Zealand actiniaria known to science, together with a description of twelve new species. Trans NZ Inst 41:374–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Studer T (1879) Übersicht der Anthozoa Alcyonaria, welche während der Reise S.M.S. Gazelle um die erde gesammelt wurden. Monat Akad Wiss (Berlin) 1878:632–688

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrey HB (1902) Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition. XXX. Anemones, with discussion of variation in Metridium. Proc Wash Acad Sci 4:373–410

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchida T (1932) On a new actinian, Milne-edwardsia akkeshi nov. sp., from northern Japan. Ann Zool Jpn 13:571–575

    Google Scholar 

  • Verrill AE (1869) Review of the corals and polyps of the West Coast of America. Trans Conn Acad Arts Sci 1:422–502

    Google Scholar 

  • Verrill AE (1883) Reports on the Anthozoa, and on some additional species dredged by the “Blake” in 1877–1879, and by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer “FishHawk” in 1880–82. Bull Mus Comp Zool Harvard 11:1–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Verrill AE (1899) Descriptions of imperfectly known and new Actinians, with critical notes on other species, II. Am J Sci 7:41–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weill R (1934) Contribution a l’étude des Cnidaires et de leurs nématocystes. Les Presses Universitaires de France, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Yanagi K, Fujii T, Hirose M (2015) Redescription of the sea anemone Exocoelactis actinostoloides (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) based on a topotypic specimen collected from Tokyo Bay, Japan. Spec Div 20:199–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yap NWL, Fautin DG, Ramos DA, Tan R (2014) Sea anemones of Singapore: Synpeachia temasek new genus, new species, and redescription of Metapeachia tropica (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Haloclavidae). Proc Biol Soc Wash 127:439–454

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Our special thanks to PJ López-González (Universidad de Sevilla, Spain), JM Gili (Institut Ciencies del Mar, CMIMA-CSIC, Spain), and Prof. W. Arntz (Alfred Wegener Institute, Germany) for access to material collected during the R/V Polarstern cruise ANT XV/3 (EASIZ-II). We thank the British Antarctic Survey (BAS), particularly H Griffiths (BAS), for providing access to E Rodríguez in the JR15005 cruise. Loan of specimens from JR cruise was facilitated by H Griffiths (BAS); M Lowe helped with depositing material at the Natural History Museum (London, UK). We extend our acknowledgements to the Officers, crew and scientists aboard the R/V Polarstern and the RRS James Clark Ross during the EASIZ-II and JR15005 cruises of the SCAR Programs EASIZ (Coastal and Shelf Ecology of the Antarctic Sea-Ice Zone) and SO-AntEco (South Orkneys-State of the Antarctic Ecosystem), respectively. Lab support was provided by T Chiodo (AMNH). Many thanks to A Reft (USNM) for sharing her expertise on nematocysts. We thank B Fine for helping with illustrations. Partial funding for this project came from the Spanish Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología projects: ANT97–1533-E, ANT98–1739-E, ANT99-1608-E, REN2003-04236. The authors also thank J. Luke for supporting E Rodríguez’s research program and LC Gusmão.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024, USA

    L. C. Gusmão, L. Berniker, V. Van Deusen & E. Rodríguez

  2. Bucknell University, 701 Moore Ave, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA

    O. Harris

Authors
  1. L. C. Gusmão
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. Berniker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. V. Van Deusen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. O. Harris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. E. Rodríguez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to L. C. Gusmão.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (XLSX 25 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gusmão, L.C., Berniker, L., Van Deusen, V. et al. Halcampulactidae (Actiniaria, Actinostoloidea), a new family of burrowing sea anemones with external brooding from Antarctica. Polar Biol 42, 1271–1286 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02516-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-019-02516-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation