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Primär- und Sekundärprävention von Harnwegsinfektionen

Primary and secondary prevention of urinary tract infections

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Zusammenfassung

Harnwegsinfektionen (HWI) zählen zu den häufigsten bakteriellen Infektionen in der ambulanten und stationären Medizin. Rezidivierende HWI (rHWI) finden sich überwiegend bei jungen, aber auch postmenopausalen Frauen und sind in diesem Zusammenhang definiert als  ≥ 3 HWI/Jahr, zum anderen finden sie sich bei Patienten mit komplizierenden urologischen Faktoren, wie z. B. Verweilkathetern im Harntrakt. Bei den unkomplizierten rHWI bei Frauen sind selten therapierbare prädisponierende Faktoren zu finden. Die höchste Effektivität zur Prävention von rHWI besitzt die Antibiotikadauerprophylaxe bzw. bei nachgewiesener Assoziation zum Geschlechtsverkehr die postkoitale Antibiotikaprophylaxe. In erster Linie können dafür Nitrofurantoin, Trimethoprim (oder Cotrimoxazol) und Fosfomycin-Trometamol eingesetzt werden. Orale Cephalosporine und Fluorochinolone sollten speziellen Indikationen vorbehalten bleiben. Die Antibiotikaprophylaxe führt je nach Antibiotikum zu einer Reduktion uropathogener Keime des Darm- und/oder Vaginaltrakts und zur Reduktion der biologischen „Fitness“ der Bakterien. Bei korrekter Indikation lässt sich die Rezidivrate von rHWI um etwa 90% senken. Bei postmenopausalen Patientinnen sollte zunächst eine vaginale Hormonsubstitution mit Östriol durchgeführt werden. Die orale bzw. parenterale Immunprophylaxe ist eine weitere Alternative für Patientinnen mit rHWI. Weitere Behandlungsoptionen mit unterschiedlicher wissenschaftlicher Evidenz stellen die Prophylaxe mit Cranberries und mit Probiotika dar. Zur Prophylaxe von harnwegskatheterassoziierten HWI sollten Strategien implementiert werden, welche die Katheterisierungshäufigkeit- und Dauer auf ein erforderliches Minimum reduzieren. Die derzeit verfügbaren unterschiedlichen Kathetermaterialien haben nur wenig Einfluss auf die Reduktion von katheterassoziierten HWI.

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most frequent bacterial infections in the community and health care setting. Mostly young and, to some extent, postmenopausal women are affected by recurrent UTI (rUTI) defined as ≥3 UTI/year. On the other hand rUTI are frequently found in patients with complicating urological factors, e.g. urinary catheters. Modifiable predisposing factors in uncomplicated rUTI in women are rare. Continuous antibiotic prophylaxis or postcoital prophylaxis, if there is close correlation with sexual intercourse, are most effective to prevent rUTI. Nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim (or cotrimoxazole), and fosfomycin trometamol are available as first-line drugs. Oral cephalosporins and quinolones should be restricted to specific indications. Antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the number of uropathogens in the gut and/or vaginal flora and reduces bacterial“fitness”. Given the correct indication, the recurrence rate of rUTI can be reduced by about 90%. In postmenopausal patients vaginal substitution of oestriol should be started first. Oral or parenteral immunoprophylaxis is another option in patients with rUTI. Other possibilities with varying scientific evidence are prophylaxis with cranberries or probiotics. The prophylaxis of catheter-associated UTI or asymptomatic bacteriuria should employ strategies which result in a reduction of frequency and duration of catheter drainage of the urinary tract. The currently available catheter materials have only little influence on reducing catheter-associated rUTI.

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Interessenkonflikt

Der korrespondierende Autor weist auf folgende Beziehungen hin: Prof. Dr. Wagenlehner hat Verbindungen zu folgenden Unternehmen: Astellas, Bayer-Vital, Calixa, Cerexa, Cernelle, Cubist, GSK, MerLion, OM-Pharma,Janssen-Cilag, Johnson und Johnson, Lilly Pharmacia, Pierre Fabre, Rosen-Pharma, Sanofi-Aventis, Strathmann, Zambon, Serag Wiessner

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Correspondence to F.M.E. Wagenlehner.

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Wagenlehner, F., Vahlensieck, W., Bauer, HW. et al. Primär- und Sekundärprävention von Harnwegsinfektionen. Urologe 50, 1248–1256 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00120-011-2616-5

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