Skip to main content
Log in

In Search of Unique Iberian Ship Design Concepts

  • Article
  • Published:
Historical Archaeology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Defining 15th- and 16th-century Iberian shipbuilding traditions related to European expansion overseas is a difficult task. Scarce documentary evidence and the systematic destruction of Spanish and Portuguese shipwrecks by those with a purely monetary agenda make the task even more complex. In spite of these obstacles, data suggests that a distinctive shipbuilding tradition existed on the Iberian Peninsula. Through careful mining of the documentary and archaeological evidence, the concepts behind Iberian ship design can be articulated as well as compared and contrasted to other European shipbuilding traditions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abreu, Lisuarte de 1558 Este livro que he de Lisuarte de Abreu (This Book That Is of Lisuarte de Abreu). Manuscript 525, Pierpont Morgan Library, New York. Facsimile printed in 1992 by Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams, Jonathan 2003 Ships, Innovation, and Social Change: Aspects of Carvel Shipbuilding in Northern Europe 1450–1850. Stockholm Studies in Archaeology 24. Stockholm Marine Archaeology Reports, No. 3. Universitet Stockolm, Stockholm, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albuquerque, Luís de 1994 Diccionário de História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses (Dictionary of the History of the Portuguese Discoveries). Editorial Caminho, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves, Francisco (editor) 2001 Proceedings:International Symposiumon Archaeology of Medieval and Modern Ships of Iberian-Atlantic Tradition, Lisbon, September 1998. IPA, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barata, João da Gama Pimentel 1989 Estudos de Arqueologia Naval (Studies in Naval Archaeology), Vol. 1. Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barcelos, Christiano Senna 1899 Construcções de naus em Lisboa e Goa para a carreira da Índia no começo do século XVII (Construction of Naus at Lisbon and Goa for the India Route in the Beginning of the Seventeenth Century). Boletim da Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa (1898–1899) 17(2):13–72. Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, Richard 1986 Fragments from the Pepysian Library. Revista da Universidade de Coimbra 32:161–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, Richard 1992 Shipshape for Discoveries and Return. Mariner’s Mirror 78(4):433–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, Richard 2001 Sources for Lusitanian Shipbuilding. Proceedings: International Symposium on Archaeology of Medieval and Modern Ships of Iberian-Atlantic Tradition, Lisbon, September 1998, Francisco Alves, editor, pp. 213–228. IPA, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bash, Lucien 2000 Les navires et bateaux de la Vue de Venise de Jacopo Barbari (1500) (The Ships and Boats of the View of Venice by Jacopo Barbari [1500]). Lucien Bash, Brussels, Belgium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellabarba, Sergio 1999 Note Sull’Origine della Nave a Tre Alberi (Note on the Origin of the Three-Masted Ship). Archeologia delle Acque, Nucleo Archeologia Subacquea del Veneto 1(2):81–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bondioli, Mauro 2003 The Art of Designing and Building Venetian Galleys from the Fifteenth to the Sixteenth Century: Boats, Ships, and Shipyards. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Carlo Beltrame, editor, pp. 222–227. Università Ca’ Foscari, Venice, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bound, Mensun 2004 The Fort San Sebastian Wreck: A Sixteenth-Century Portuguese Porcelain Wreck off the Island of Mozambique. In Christie’s catalog, The Fort San Sebastian Wreck. Auction Held on May 19, 2004, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cano, Tomé 1611 Arte para fabricar, fortificar y apareiar naos de guerra merchante, con las reglas de arquearlas reduzido a toda cuenta y medida, y en grande utilidad de la navegación (The Art of Building, Strengthening, and Rigging Naos of War and Trade, with the Rules to Find Their Capacity Simplified to Their Basic Measurements, and of Great Utility for Navigation). In Disquisiciones nauticas (Nautical Disquisitions), 5 vols., pp. 36–97, transcribed by Cesário Fernandez Duro in 1880. Reprinted in 1996 by Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, Madrid, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casado Soto, José Luís 1988 Atlantic Shipping in Sixteenth-Century Spain and the 1588 Armada. In England, Spain and the Gran Armada 1585–1604, M. J. Rodriguez-Salgado and Simon Adams, editors, pp. 95–132. Barnes and Noble Imports, London, England, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casado Soto, José Luís 1995 El País Vasco y el mar. Desde los origines hasta el siglo XVIII (The Basque Country and the Sea from Its Origins to the Eighteenth Century). In El País Vasco y el mar a traves de la história (The Basque Country throughout History), José Luís Casado Soto, Monserrat Gárate, José Ignacio Tellechea, and Juan Pardo, editors, pp. 15–77. Museo Naval, San Sebastian, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casado Soto, José Luís 2001 The Spanish Ships of the Oceanic Expansion: Documentation, Archaeology, and Iconography from the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries. Proceedings: International Symposium on Archaeology of Medieval and Modern Ships of Iberian-Atlantic Tradition, Lisbon, September 1998, Francisco Alves, editor, pp. 131–161. IPA, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro, Filipe 2004 Os naufrágios do Baleal (Shipwrecks of Baleal). Mundo Submerso 7(91):68–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro, Filipe 2005a Archaeology and Dredges: The Arade River Archaeological Complex. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 34(1):72–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro, Filipe 2005b The Pepper Wreck: A Portuguese Indiaman at the Mouth of the Tagus River. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro, Filipe 2005c Playa Damas Project: Artifact Inventory—ShipLab Report 9. Manuscript, Nautical Archaeological Program Library, Texas A&M University, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro, F., and C. Fitzgerald 2006 The Playa Damas Shipwreck: An Early-Sixteenth-Century Shipwreck in Panama. In Heritage at Risk: Underwater Cultural Heritage at Risk: Managing Natural and Human Impacts, special edition, Robert Grenier, David Nutley, and Ian Cochran, editors, pp. 38–41. ICOMOS Heritage at Risk Series. UNESCO, Paris, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciciliot, Furio 1998 Metrologia delle imbarcazioni genovesi medievali e postmedievali (Metrology of Medieval and Postmedieval Genoese Watercraft). In Navi di legno. Evoluzione tecnica e sviluppo della cantieristica nel Mediterraneo dal XVI secolo a oggi (Ships of Wood: Technical Evolution and Development of the Shipbuilding Industry in the Mediterranean from the Sixteenth Century to the Present), Mario Marzari, editor, pp. 27–30. Servizio Cultura, Comune di Grado, Grado, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciciliot, Furio 1999 Note sulle caravellae medievali mediterranee (Notes on Mediterranean Caravels). Atti e Memorie della Società Savonese di Storia Patria (1998–1999) 34–35:71–82. Savona, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ciciliot, Furio 2000 Genoese shipbuilders in Portugal and in Asia (Early Sixteenth Century). In Fernando Oliveira e o seu tempo. Humanismo e arte de navegar no Renascimento Europeu (1450–1650), Actas da IX Reuniao Internacional de História da Náutica e da Hidrografia (Fernando Oliveira and His Era: Humanism and the Art of Navigation in Renaissance Europe (1450–1650): Proceedings of the Ninth International Reunion for the History of Nautical Science and Hydography), Inacio Guerreiro and Francisco C. Domingues, editors, pp. 153–161. Patrimónia, Cascais, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Costa, Leonor Freire 1997 Naus e Galeões na Ribeira de Lisboa (Naus and Galleons in Lisbon Royal Shipyard). Patrimónia, Cascais, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crumlin-Pederson, Ole 1991 Ship Types and Sizes. In Aspects of Maritime Scandinavia, A.D. 200–1200, Ole Crumlin-Pederson, editor, pp. 69–82. The Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde, Denmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crumlin-Pederson, Ole, and Olaf Olsen 2002 The Skuldelev Ships I. Centre for Maritime Archaeology of the National Museum of Denmark, Roskilde.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darmoul, Ali 1985 Les épaves sarrasines (The Sarracine Wrecks). In L’homme mediterranéan et la mer (The Mediterranean Man and the Sea), M. Galley and L. Ladjini Sebai, editors, pp. 157–158. Editions Salammbô, Tunis, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dell’Amico, Piero 2002 Costruzione navale antica (Ancient Shipbuilding). Edizioni del Delfino Moro, Albenga, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domingues, Francisco Contente 1989 A caravela quatrocentista nas fontes da arqueologia naval portuguesa (The Caravel of the 1400s in the Historical Sources of Portuguese Naval Archaeology). In Actas do Congresso Internacional Bartolomeu Dias e a sua Época (Proceedings of the International Congress on Bartolomeu Dias and His Time), Vol. 2, Humberto B. Moreno, editor, pp. 515–538. Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domingues, Francisco Contente 2000 Os navios da expansão: O “Livro da fabrica das naus” de Fernando Oliveira e a arquitectura naval portuguesa dos séculos XVI e XVII (The Ships of the Expansion: “Livro da Fabrica das Naus” from Fernando Oliveira and Portuguese Naval Architecture of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries). Dissertação de doutoramento em História da Expansão Portuguesa apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, preparada sob a orientação do Professor DoutorAntónio Dias Farinha. Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Domingues, Francisco Contente 2005 Os navios do mar oceano (The Ships of the Ocean Sea). Centro de História dos Descobrimentos, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duro, Cesário Fernandez 1880 Disquisiciones nauticas (Nautical Disquisitions), 5 vols. Reprinted in 1996 by the Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, Madrid, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Escalante de Mendoza, Juan 1575 Itinerario de Navegación de los Mares y Tierras Occidentales (Itinerary for Navigation of the Seas and Western Lands). In Disquisiciones nauticas (Nautical Disquisitions), 5 vols., pp. 413–515, transcribed by Cesário Fernandez Duro in 1880. Reprinted in 1996 by Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, Madrid, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez, Manoel 1616 Livro de Traças de Carpintaria (Book of Carpenter’s Designs). Reprinted in 1989 by Academia de Marinha, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Filgueiras, Octávio Lixa 1980 The Decline of Portuguese Regional Boats. Maritime Monographs and Reports, No. 47. National Maritime Museum Greenwich, London, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Filgueiras, Octávio Lixa 1989 Gelmirez e a reconversão da construção naval tradicional do NW Sec. XI–XII: Seus prováveis reflexos na época dos Descobrimentos (Gelmirez and the Reconversion of Traditional Naval Shipbuilding in the Northwest, Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries: Its Probable Effects in the Period of the Discoveries). Actas do Congresso Internacional Bartolomeu Dias e a sua Época (Proceedings of the International Congress on Bartolomeu Dias and His Time), Vol. 2, Humberto B. Moreno, editor, pp. 539–576. Comissão Nacional para as Comemorações dos Descobrimentos Portugueses, Universidade do Porto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Filgueiras, Octávio Lixa 1992 Arquitectura do rabelo (Architecture of the Rabelo). Rozès, Porto, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fonseca, Henrique Quirino da 1915 Memórias de arqueologia marítima portuguesa (Memoirs of Portuguese Maritime Archaeology). Separata dos anais do Clube Militar Naval (Annals of the Naval Military Club, Independent Vol. J. F. Pinheiro, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fonseca, Henrique Quirino da 1934 A caravela Portuguesa e a Prioridade Técnica das Navegações Henriquinas (The Portuguese Caravel and the Technical Priorities of Prince Henry’s Navigations). Imprensa da Universidade, Coimbra, Portugal. Re-edited in 1978 by Ministério da Marinha, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friel, Ian 1993 Henry V’s Grace Dieu and the Wreck in the River Hamble near Burlsdon, Hampshire. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 22(1):3–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García de Palacio, Diego 1587 Instrucción Nautica para el buen uso de las Naos, su traça, y gobierno conforme à la altura de México (Nautical Instruction for the Good Use of Naus, Their Design, and Governance at the Latitude of Mexico). In Disquisiciones nauticas (Nautical Disquisitions), 5 vols., pp. 7–37, transcribed by Cesário Fernandez Duro in 1880. Reprinted in 1996 by the Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, Madrid, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glasgow, Tom 1970 Maturing the Naval Administration. Mariner’s Mirror 56(1):3–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grenier, R., B. Lowen, and Jean-Pierre Proulx 1994 Basque Shipbuilding and Technology c. 1560–1580: The Red Bay Project. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology Roskilde 1991, Christer Westerdahl, editor, pp. 137–142. Oxbow Monograph, No. 40. Oxbow Books, Oxford, England, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guérout, Max, Eric Rieth, and Jean-Marie Gassend 1989 Le navire génois de Villefranche. Um naufrage de 1516? (The Genoese Ship of Villefranche: A 1516 Shipwreck?) Archaeonautica 9:1–165. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iria, Alberto 1963 As Caravelas do Infante e os Caiques do Algarve: Subsidios para o Estudo da Arqueologia Naval Portuguesa (Prince Henry’s Caravels and the Caiques from Algarve: Subsidies for the Study of Portuguese Naval Archaeology). Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, Frederic C. 1934a Naval Architecture about 1550. Mariner’s Mirror 20:24–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lane, Frederic C. 1934b Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemée, Christian P. P. 2006 The Renaissance Shipwrecks from Christianshavn: An Archaeological and Architectural Study of Large Carvel Vessels in Danish Water, 1580–1640. Ships and Boats of the North Series, Vol. 6. The Viking Ship Museum, Roskilde, Denmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • López Pérez, Alessandro, and Iván Díaz Pelegrin 2005 Arqueologia Subacuática en Cuba. Reseña Histórica (Underwater Archaeology in Cuba: Historical Summary). Manuscript, Oficina del Historiador de la Ciudad de La Habana, Havana, Cuba.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovegrove, H. 1964 Remains of Two Old Vessels Found at Rye, Sussex. Mariner’s Mirror 50(2):115–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marques, A. H. de Oliveira 1998 A Expansao quatrocentista (Expansion of the 1400s). Editorial Estampa, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, Peter 2003 Sealed by Time: The Loss and Recovery of the Mary Rose. The Mary Rose Trust, Portsmouth, England, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, Sheila D. 2004 Evidence for the Rig of the Serçe Limanι Ship. In Serçe Limanι. An Eleventh-Century Shipwreck, Vol. I, The Ship and Its Anchorage, Crew, and Passengers, George F. Bass, Sheila D. Matthews, J. Richard Steffy, and Frederick H. van Doorninck, Jr., editors, pp. 171–188. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendes, António Rosa 1993 Avida cultural (Cultural Life). In História de Portugal (History of Portugal), Vol. 3, pp. 375–421. José Mattoso. Circulo de Leitores, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mott, Lawrence V. 1997 The Development of the Rudder: A Technological Tale. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oertling, Thomas J. 1989 The Few Remaining Clues. In Underwater Archaeology Proceedings for The Society for Historical Archaeology Conference, J. Barto Arnold III, editor, pp. 100–103. Society for Historical Archaeology, Baltimore MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oertling, Thomas J. 2001 The Concept of the Atlantic Vessel. Proceedings: International Symposium on Archaeology of Medieval and Modern Ships of Iberian-Atlantic Tradition, Lisbon, September 1998, Francisco Alves, editor, pp. 213–228. IPA, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oertling, Thomas J. 2005 Characteristics of Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-Century Iberian Ships. The Philosophy of Shipbuilding, Frederick M. Hocker and Cheryl A. Ward, editors, pp. 129–136. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira, Fernando 1580 O Livro da Fabrica das Naos (The Book of Naus Construction). Reprinted and translated in 1991 by Academia de Marinha, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Mallaína, Pablo E. 1998 Spain’s Men of the Sea. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, Carla Rahn 1987 Spanish Ship Measurements Reconsidered: The Instruccion nautica of Diego Garcia de Palacio (1587). The Mariner’s Mirror 73(3):293–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, Carla Rahn 1993 The Evolution of Spanish Ship Design from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century. The American Neptune 53(4):229–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, Carla Rahn 2000 Manuel Fernandes [sic] and His 1616 Livro de Tracas de Carpintaria. The American Neptune 60(1):7–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pico, Maria Alexandra Tavares Carbonell 1964 A terminologia naval portuguesa anterior a 1460 (Portuguese Naval Terminology prior to 1460). Sociedade de Lingua Portuguesa, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piercy, Robin 1977 Mombasa Wreck Excavation: Preliminary report, 1977. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 6:331–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piercy, Robin 1978 Mombasa Wreck Excavation: Second preliminary report, 1978. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 7:301–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piercy, Robin 1979 Mombasa Wreck Excavation: Third preliminary report, 1979. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 4:303–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piercy, Robin 1980 Mombasa Wreck Excavation: Fourth preliminary report, 1980. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 10:109–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pike, Ruth 1966 Enterprise and Adventure: The Genoese in Seville and the Opening of the New World. Cornell University Press Ithaca, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pires, António Tengarrinha 1985 As caravelas dos descobrimentos: IIA: Mareação de bolina (Caravels of Discoveries: IIA: Sailing Close to the Wind). Academia de Marinha, Lisbon Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pires, António Tengarrinha 1986 As caravelas dos descobrimentos: IIB: Uso da bolina (Caravels of Discoveries: IIB: Use of Close-Hauled Sailing). Academia de Marinha, Lisbon Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pires, António Tengarrinha 1988 As caravelas dos descobrimentos: IIC: Bolina na costa portuguesa (Caravels of Discoveries: IIC: Close-Hauled Sailing along the Portuguese Coast). Academia de Marinha, Lisbon Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pires, António Tengarrinha 1990 As caravelas dos descobrimentos: IID: Caravela de meados do séc. XV (Caravels of Discoveries: IID: The Caravel of the Mid-Fifteenth Century). Academia de Marinha, Lisbon Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redknap, M. 1984 The Cattewater Wreck: The Investigation of an Armed Vessel of the Early Sixteenth Century. BAR no. 131, Series no 8. London, England, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reis, António Estácio dos 2002 Astrolábios náuticos (Nautical Astrolabes). Edições Inapa, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieth, Eric 1996 Le Maître-gabarit, la Tablette et le Trébuchet. Éssai sur la conception non-graphique des carènes du Moyen-Âge au XXe siècle (The Maitre-Gabarit, the Tablette, and the Trebuchet: Essay on the Nongraphic Conception of Hulls from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century). Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, Paris, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rieth, Eric 1998 Construction navale à Franc-Bord en Méditerranée et Atlantique (XIVe–XVIIe siècle) et “Signatures Archictecturales” Une Première Approche Archéologique (Caravel Naval Construction in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic [Fourteenth to Fifteenth Centuries] and “Architectural Signatures”: A First Archaeological Approach). In Méditerranée antique. Pêche, navigation, commerce (Ancient Mediterranean: Fishing, Navigation, and Commerce), Eric Rieth, editor, pp. 177–188. Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, Paris, France.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigues, P., F. Alves, E. Rieth, F. Castro 1998 L’épave dun navire de la moitié du XV.ème siècle/début du XVI.ème, trouvée au Cais do Sodré (Lisbonne). Note Préliminaire, (The Shipwreck Dating to the Middle Fifteenth/Early Sixteenth Century Found at Cais Do Sodré [Lisbon]). In Proceedings: International Symposium Archaeology of Medieval and Modern Ships of Iberian-Atlantic Tradition, Lisbon, September 1998, Francisco Alves, editor, pp. 347–380. IPA, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romero, Fernando Alonso 1991 Traditional Clinker and Carvel Techniques in the Northwest of Spain. In Carvel Construction Technique: Skeleton-First, Shell-First: Fifth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Amsterdam 1988, Reinder Reinders and Paul Kees, editors, pp. 103–111. Oxbow Monograph, No. 12. Oxbow Books, Oxford, England, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, M. 1983 Visions of the Sea: Hendrick C. Vroom and the Origins of Dutch Marine Painting. Leiden University Press, Leiden, NL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salisbury, W. 1961 Woolwich Ship. Mariner’s Mirror 47(2):81–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarsfield, John P. 1991 Master Frame and Ribbands. In Carvel Construction Technique: Skeleton-First, Shell-First: Fifth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology, Amsterdam 1988, Reinder Reinders and Kees Paul, editors, pp. 137–145. Oxbow Monograph, No. 12. Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serrano Mangas, Fernando 1985 Los galeones de la Carrera de Indias, 1650–1700 (The Galleons of the West Indies Route, 1650–1700). Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. C., J. R. Bratten, J. Cozzi, and K. Plaskett 1998 The Emanuel Point Ship: Archaeological Investigations, 1997–1998, Preliminary Report, Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Pensacola.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. C., J. Spirek, J. Bratten, and D. Scott-Ireton 1995 The Emanuel Point Ship: Archaeological Investigations, 1992–1995, Preliminary Report, Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Pensacola.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, James 2004 Marine Painting: Images of Sail, Sea, and Shore. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tola, Marcello 1990 Quei tesori dimenticati (Those Forgotten Treasures). Mondo Sommerso 342:56–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tripati, Sila, S. Gaur, A. S. Sundaresh 2006 Exploration of a Portuguese Shipwreck in Goa Waters, Western Coast of India. In Bulletin of the Australasian Institute for Maritime Archaeology 30:127–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, Sam 1994 Saona Artillery: Implications for Inter-Island Trade and Shipboard Armaments in the First Half of the Sixteenth Century. Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, H. S. 1913 The Nodal Caravels of 1618. Mariner’s Mirror 3(2):171–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vicente Maroto, Maria Isabel 1998 Diálogo entre un vizcayno y un montañés sobre la fábrica de navios (Dialog between a Viszcayno and a Montanes about the Construction of Ships). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vicente Maroto, Maria Isabel 2001 La expedicion de los hermanos Nodal y del cosmógrafo Diego Ramirez de Arellano (The Expedition of the Nodal Brothers and the Cosmographer Diego Ramirez Arellano. Revista de Historia Naval 19(73):7–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villié, Pierre 1989 L’épave Calvi I (The Calvi I Shipwreck). Cahiers d’Archéologie Subaquatique 8:19–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villié, Pierre 1990 L’épave Calvi I (The Calvi I Shipwreck). Cahiers d’Archéologie Subaquatique 9:83–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villié, Pierre 1991 L’épave Calvi I (The Calvi I Shipwreck). Cahiers d’Archéologie Subaquatique 10:69–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viterbo, Sousa 1988 Trabalhos náuticos dos portugueses (Nautical Works of the Portuguese). Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, P., and C. Todeschini 2006 The Medici Conspiracy: The Illicit Journey of Looted Antiquities: From Italy’s Tomb Raiders to the World’s Greatest Museums. Public Affairs Books, London, England, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xavier, Hernani Amaral 1992 Novos Elementos para o Estudo da Arquitectura Naval Portuguesa Antiga (New Elements for the Study of Ancient Portuguese Naval Architecture). Academia de Marinha, Lisbon, Portugal.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Castro, F. In Search of Unique Iberian Ship Design Concepts. Hist Arch 42, 63–87 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03377074

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03377074

Navigation