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Castration as Part of Reindeer Herd Management

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Domestication in Action

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Abstract

It has been suggested that reindeer castration is a practice that started very early in the process of reindeer domestication. Castrated males have long been favoured as working animals, and have been used for the transport of people and goods. Castration makes reindeer easier to handle and may have played a key role in associating humans with wild reindeer in the past. Although the importance of castration is recognised, there are few methods to define castrated reindeer from archaeological materials. This chapter explores past and present reindeer castration in Fennoscandian reindeer herding through historical and ethnographic evidence, presenting promising methods that can be used for the identification of castration from reindeer bone collections. We address the role of castration in reindeer that serve different purposes such as working and for meat, and consider how they have changed in relation to past and present reindeer herding, and herd management strategies. Various aspects of castration such as age, timing, and its physical and behavioural effects on reindeer are dealt with and discussed based on our fieldwork among present-day reindeer herders. The castration of draught reindeer working in tourism and racing is discussed based on reindeer herders’ traditional knowledge, practical expertise, and experiences.

Abstrákta

Gáskin lea árvaluvvon leamaš juo áramus boazodoalu oassi. Gáskojuvvon bohccot dehege hearggit leat adnojuvvon guhká vuojánin fievrrideame olbmuid ja sin gálvvuid. Hearggit lea álkit gieđahallojuvvot ja gáskin leanai sáhttán leat guovddášlaš domestikašuvdnaproseassa álgomuttuin, go eallit leat seatnaduvvon olbmuid lagasvuhtii. Vaikko dutkit dihtet gáskima leat boazodoalu ja bohcco domestikašuvnna mávssolaš oassi, de dan dan arkeologalaš dovdámii leat leame dušše unnán metodat. Dán lohkosis gieđahallojuvvojit historjjálaš ja etnográfalaš gáldut gáskimis sihke dakkár metodat, mat sáhtále adnojuvvot herggiid identifiseremii arkeologalaš materiálas. Mii gieđahallat maid gáskima rolla ovdamearkka dihte vuojániid ja biergoprodukšuvnna várás šaddaduvvon bohccuid boazobarggus sihke suokkardallat dan, mot dát áššit gullet boazodoalu dábiide ovdal ja dál. Gáskinahki, dan áigemeroštallan ja dan váikkuhusat bohcco fysiologiijai ja meannudeapmái suokkardallojuvvojit earenoamážit dálá boazoolbmuid gaskavuođas dahkkojuvvon jearahallamiid vuođul. Mii atnit ávkin maid boazobargiid árbevirolaš dieđu, máhtu ja muosáhusaid turisma- ja gilvoatnui dábmojuvvon vuojániid gáskima mearkkašumiid suokkardallamis.

Tiivistelmä

Kastraatiota arvellaan käytetyn jo poronhoidon varhaisimmissa vaiheissa. Kastroituja urosporoja eli härkiä on käytetty pitkään ajokkaina kuljettamassa ihmisiä ja heidän tavaroitaan. Härkiä on helpompi käsitellä kuin kastroimattomia uroksia ja kastraatio on voinut olla avainasemassa domestikaatioprosessin alkuvaiheissa, kun eläimiä on totutettu ihmisen läheisyyteen. Vaikka tutkijat tietävät kastraation olevan tärkeä osa poronhoitoa ja poron domestikaatiota, sen arkeologiseen tunnistamiseen on olemassa vain niukasti menetelmiä. Tässä luvussa käsitellään kastraatiosta kertovia historiallisia ja etnografisia lähteitä sekä menetelmiä, jotka voivat soveltua härkien tunnistamiseen arkeologisesta aineistosta. Käsittelemme kastraation roolia ajokkaiden ja lihantuotantoa varten kasvatettujen porojen hoidossa sekä pohdimme sitä, miten nämä asiat ovat muuttuneet ja liittyvät poronhoidon tapoihin ennen ja nyt. Kastrointi-ikää, kastroinnin ajoitusta ja vaikutuksia poron fysiologiaan ja käyttäytymiseen pohditaan nykyisten poronhoitajien parissa tehtyjen haastattelujen pohjalta. Tässä hyödynnämme etenkin niiden poronhoitajien perinteistä tietoa, tietotaitoa ja kokemuksia, jotka kouluttavat ajokkaita matkailu- ja kilpakäyttöön muun poronhoidon lisäksi.

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Acknowledgements

This project received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 756431), the Academy of Finland (project number 308322), and the University of Oulu. We gratefully acknowledge all the reindeer herders who participated in this study in Finnish Lapland for their valuable contribution and insights.

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Soppela, P., van den Berg, M., Kynkäänniemi, SM., Wallén, H. (2022). Castration as Part of Reindeer Herd Management. In: Salmi, AK. (eds) Domestication in Action . Arctic Encounters. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98643-8_3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98643-8_3

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