Distribution & Access For Publication Downloads News About Us Contact Us
Paper Titles
Characterization of the Aniline.DBSA/Thermoplastic Polyurethane Blends for the Thermo-Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Properties
p.96
Effect of Nano Dispersant Additions to the Electrodes for Aluminum Electrolysis
p.107
Study of Thermal Behaviour of EPDM/SBR Blends and Carbon Nanocoatings Deposited by Sputtering
p.116
Graphene Effect on Mechanical Properties of Sandwich Panel for Aerospace Structures
p.121
Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Sheets from Graphite through Electrochemical Exfoliation and Microwave Reduction
p.127
Structural Analysis of Al-CNT Nanocomposite Using X-Ray Diffraction
p.138
Proposed Industrial Scale Setup for Production of ZnO Nanoparticles Using Wet Chemical Synthesis Method
p.146
Effect of Polymer Matrix in Polymer/trGO Nano-Composite for EMI Shielding Application in Microwave and Infrared Region
p.153
EMI Shielding Properties of Polymer Blend with the Inclusion of Graphene Nano Platelets
p.160

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Sheets from Graphite through Electrochemical Exfoliation and Microwave Reduction

Article Preview

Abstract:

Graphene as a wonder material has received great attention and importance due to its fascinating properties. Here in this study, we also demonstrate a simple two step process to prepare graphene sheets (GSs) from the electrochemical exfoliated graphene oxide (EE-GO) followed by microwave irradiation reduction. The properties and structure of the resulted product samples were studied by Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX or EDS), Raman spectroscopy and Atomic force microscopy (AFM) for validation of their distinguishing characteristics. UV spectra of microwave irradiation reduced graphene oxide (MI-RGO) and EE-GO exhibited an intense and sharp absorption peak concentrated at wavelengths of 236 and 266nm, respectively. The elimination of oxygen functionalities present in the EE-GO plane was illustrated by FTIR as a result of microwave irradiation treatment. The relative layer structures of MI-RGO and EE-GO were confirmed by XRD. Similarly, the Raman spectra revealed the difference in between the EE-GO and MI-RGO characteristic reflection bands. The thin, crumpled and curved type morphology of the obtained graphene sheets (GSs) was also displayed by SEM while the composition of a few layer graphene sheets with atomic mass percents of carbon (75%) and oxygen (25%) was established by EDX. The Synthesis procedure is simple, rapid and eco-friendly with high yield.

You might also be interested in these eBooks
Advanced Materials - XVI View Preview

Info:

Periodical:

Key Engineering Materials (Volume 875)

Pages:

127-137

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.875.127

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

February 2021

Authors:

Arshad Wazir*, Imran Waseem Kundi, Wahib Noor Khan, Abdul Manan, Imdadullah Querashi, Khurram Yaqoob

Keywords:

Graphite Exfoliation, Microwave Irradiation Reduction, Raman Spectroscopy, Reduced Graphene Oxide

Export:

RIS, BibTeX

Price:

Permissions:

Request Permissions

* - Corresponding Author

References

[1] K.S. Novoselov, A.K. Geim, S.V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S.V. Dubonos I.V. Grigorieva, A.A. Firsov, Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films, Science 306 (2004) 666-669.

DOI: 10.1126/science.1102896

Google Scholar

[2] A. Arjunan, V. Balasubramanian, N. Vaiyapuri, Heteroatom doped multi-layered graphene material for hydrogen storage application, Graphene 5 (2016) 39-50.

DOI: 10.4236/graphene.2016.52005

Google Scholar

[3] F. Bonaccorso, L. Colombo, G. Yu, M. Stoller, V. Tozzini, A.C. Ferrari R.S. Ruoff, V. Pellegrini, Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage. Science 347 (2015) 1246501-1246501.

DOI: 10.1126/science.1246501

Google Scholar

[4] Z. Guo, A. Shao, W.H. Zhu, Long wavelength AIEgen of quinoline-malononitrile. J. Mat. Chem. C 4 (2016) 2640-2646.

DOI: 10.1039/c5tc03369a

Google Scholar

[5] H. Shen, L. Zhang, M. Liu, Z. Zhang, Biomedical Applications of Graphene. Theranostics 2 (2012) 283-294.

Google Scholar

[6] S. Navalon, J.R. Herance, M. Alvaro, H. Garcia, Covalently Modified Graphenes in Catalysis, Electrocatalysis and Photoresponsive Mat. Chem. A European Journal 23 (2017) 15244-15275.

DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701028

Google Scholar

[7] Y. Song, S. Chang, S. Gradecak, J. Kong, Visibly-Transparent Organic Solar Cells on Flexible Substrates with All-Graphene Electrodes, Adv. Energy Mat. 6 (2016) 1600847.

DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201600847

Google Scholar

[8] Q. Zhang, S,. Chen, S. Zhang, W. Shang, L. Liu, M. Wang, W. Huang, Negative differential resistance and hysteresis in graphene-based organic light-emitting devices, J. Mat. Chem. C 6 (2018) 1926-1932.

Google Scholar

[9] F.Withers, T.H. Bointon, M.F. Craciun, S. Russo, All-Graphene Photodetectors. ACS Nano 7 (2013) 5052-5057.

DOI: 10.1021/nn4005704

Google Scholar

[10] S. Bae, H. Kim, Y. Lee, X. Xu, J.S. Park, Y. Zheng, J. Balakrishnan, T. Lei, H.R. Kim, Y.I. Song, Y.J. Kim, K.S Kim, B.O. Zyilmaz, J.H. Ahn, B.H. Hong, S. Iijima, Roll-to-roll production of 30-inch graphene films for transparent electrodes, Nature Nanotech. 5 (2010) 574-578.

DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.132

Google Scholar

[11] M. Drogeler, L. Banszerus, F. Volmer, T. Taniguchi, K. Watanabe, B. Beschoten, C. Stampfer, Dry-transferred CVD graphene for inverted spin valve devices, App. Phy. Lett. 111 (2017) 152402.

DOI: 10.1063/1.5000545

Google Scholar

[12] F. Wang. Two-dimensional materials for ultrafast lasers, Chinese Phy. B 26 (2017) 034202.

Google Scholar

[13] M. El Achaby, F.Z. Arrakhiz, S. Vaudreuil, E.M. Essassi, A. Qaiss, Piezoelectric β-polymorph formation and properties enhancement in graphene oxide-PVDF nanocomposite films, App. Surface Sci. 258 (2012) 7668-7677.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.04.118

Google Scholar

[14] P.W. Sutter, J.I. Flege, E.A. Sutter, Epitaxial graphene on ruthenium., Nature Mater. 7 (2008) 406-411.

DOI: 10.1038/nmat2166

Google Scholar

[15] C. Liu, Z. Yu, D. Neff, A. Zhamu, B.Z. Jang, Graphene-Based Supercapacitor with an Ultrahigh Energy Density, Nano Lett. 10 (2010) 4863-4868.

DOI: 10.1021/nl102661q

Google Scholar

[16] D.C. Marcano, D.V. Kosynkin, J.M. Berlin, A. Sinitskii, Z. Sun, A. Slesarev, L.B. Alemany, W. Lu, J.M. Tour, Improved Synthesis of Graphene Oxide, ACS Nano 4 (2010) 4806-4814.

DOI: 10.1021/nn1006368

Google Scholar

[17] M. Cai, D. Thorpe, D.H. Adamson, H.C. Schniepp, Methods of graphite exfoliation, Journal of Mat. Chem. 22 (2012) 24992-25002.

DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34517j

Google Scholar

[18] R. Narayan, J. Lim, T. Jeon, D.J. Li, S.O. Kim, Perylene tetracarboxylate surfactant assisted liquid phase exfoliation of graphite into graphene nanosheets with facile re-dispersibility in aqueous/organic polar solvents, Carbon 119 (2017)555-568.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.04.071

Google Scholar

[19] J. Xu, Y. Dou, Z. Wei, J. Ma, Y. Deng, Y. Li, H. Liu, S. Dou, Recent Progress in Graphite Intercalation Compounds for Rechargeable Metal (Li, Na, K, Al)-Ion Batteries, Adv. Sci. 4 (2017) 1700146.

DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700146

Google Scholar

[20] T. Wang, M.D.J. Quinn, S.M. Notley, Enhanced electrical, mechanical and thermal properties by exfoliating graphene platelets of larger lateral dimensions, Carbon 129 (2018) 191-198.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2017.12.034

Google Scholar

[21] H. Wang, C. Wei, K. Zhu, Y. Zhang, C. Gong, J. Guo, J. Zhang, L. Yu, J. Zhang, Preparation of Graphene Sheets by Electrochemical Exfoliation of Graphite in Confined Space and Their Application in Transparent Conductive Films, ACS App. Mat. & Inter. 9 (2017) 34456-34466.

DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09891

Google Scholar

[22] M. Coros, F. Pogacean, M.C. Rosu, C. Socaci, G. Borodi, L. Mageruşan, R. Alexandru, A.R. Biris, S. Pruneanu, Simple and cost-effective synthesis of graphene by electrochemical exfoliation of graphite rods, RSC Advances 6 (2016) 2651-2661.

DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19277c

Google Scholar

[23] A. Ambrosi, M. Pumera, Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Energy Storage and Electrochemistry Applications, Chem.-A European Journal 22 (2015) 153-159.

DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503110

Google Scholar

[24] K. Parvez, Z.S. Wu, R. Li, X. Liu, R. Graf, X. Feng, K. Mullen, Exfoliation of Graphite into Graphene in Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Salts, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136 (2014) 6083-6091.

DOI: 10.1021/ja5017156

Google Scholar

[25] M.A. Anwar, A.K. Zainal, T. Kurniawan, Y.P. Asmara, W.S.W. Harun, G. Priyadonko, K. Saptaji, Electrochemical Exfoliation of Pencil Graphite Core by Salt Electrolyte, IOP Conference Series: Mat. Sci. Eng. 469 (2019) 012105.

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/469/1/012105

Google Scholar

[26] A.G. Krivenko, R.A. Manzhos, A.S. Kotkin, V.K Kochergin, N.P. Piven, A.P. Manzhos, Production of few-layer graphene structures in different modes of electrochemical exfoliation of graphite by voltage pulses, Instr. Sci. Tech. (2019) 1-10.

DOI: 10.1080/10739149.2019.1607750

Google Scholar

[27] W. Chen, L. Yan, P.R. Bangal, Preparation of graphene by the rapid and mild thermal reduction of graphene oxide induced by microwaves, Carbon 48 (2010) 1146-1152.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2009.11.037

Google Scholar

[28] S. Park, S. Kim, Preparation and Capacitive Property of Graphene Nanosheets Prepared by Using an Electrostatic Method, Journal of Nanosci. and Nanotech. 14 (2014)7784-7787.

DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2014.9455

Google Scholar

[29] Y. Zhu, S. Murali, M.D. Stoller, A. Velamakanni, R.D. Piner, R.S. Ruoff, Microwave assisted exfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide for ultracapacitors, Carbon 48 (2010) 2118-2122.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2010.02.001

Google Scholar

[30] J. Yan, J. Liu, Z. Fan, T. Wei, L. Zhang, High-performance supercapacitor electrodes based on highly corrugated graphene sheets, Carbon 50 (2012) 2179-2188.

DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2012.01.028

Google Scholar

[31] D. Kumar, K. Singh, V. Verma, H.S. Bhatti, Microwave assisted synthesis and characterization of graphene nanoplatelets, App. Nanosci. 6 (2015) 97-103.

DOI: 10.1007/s13204-015-0415-9

Google Scholar

[32] Y. Sun, Q. Wu, G. Shi, Graphene based new energy materials, Energy & Environmental Science 4 (2011) 1113-1132.

Google Scholar

[33] S.A. El-Khodary, G.M. El-Enany, M. El-Okr, M. Ibrahim, Preparation and Characterization of Microwave Reduced Graphite Oxide for High-Performance Supercapacitors, Electrochimica Acta 150 (2014) 269-278.

DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.10.134

Google Scholar

[34] M.J. Fernandez-Merino, L. Guardia, J.I. Paredes, S. Villar-Rodil, P. Solis-Fernandez, A. Martinez-Alonso, J.M.D. Tascon, Vitamin C Is an Ideal Substitute for Hydrazine in the Reduction of Graphene Oxide Suspensions, The J. Phy. Chem. C 114 (2010) 6426-6432.

DOI: 10.1021/jp100603h

Google Scholar

[35] H.W. Arshad, W.K. Imran, Synthesis of Graphene Nano Sheets by the Rapid Reduction of Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene Oxide Induced by Microwaves, J. Chem. Soc. Pak. 38 (2016) 11-16.

Google Scholar

[36] W.S. Hummers, R.E. Offeman, Preparation of Graphitic Oxide, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 80 (1958) 1339-1339.

DOI: 10.1021/ja01539a017

Google Scholar

[37] M. Wojtoniszak, X. Chen, R.J. Kalenczuk, A. Wajda, J. Łapczuk, M. Kurzewski, M. Drozdzik, P.K. Chu, E. Borowiak-Palen, Synthesis, dispersion, and cytocompatibility of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide, Coll. Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 89 (2012) 79-85.

DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.08.026

Google Scholar

[38] X. Zhu, Q. Liu, Z. Xiaohua, C. Li, M. Xu, Y. Liang, Reduction of Graphene Oxide Via Ascorbic Acid and Its Application for Simultaneous Detection of Dopamine And Ascorbic Acid, Int. J. Electr. Sci. 7 (2012) 5172-5184.

Google Scholar

[39] F.T. Johra, J. Lee, W.G. Jung, Facile and safe graphene preparation on solution based platform, J. of Ind. Eng. Chem. 20 (2014) 2883-2887.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.11.022

Google Scholar

[40] R. Schonfelder, M.H. Rümmeli, W. Gruner, M. Loffler, J. Acker, V. Hoffmann, T. Gemming, B. Buchner, T. Pichler, Purification-induced sidewall functionalization of magnetically pure single-walled carbon nanotubes, Nanotech. 18 (2007) 375601.

DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/18/37/375601

Google Scholar

[41] F. Tuinstra, J.L. Koenig, Raman Spectrum of Graphite, The J. of Chem. Phy. 53 (1970) 1126-1130.

Google Scholar

[42] A.C. Ferrari, J.C. Meyer, V. Scardaci, C. Casiraghi, M. Lazzeri, F. Mauri, S. Piscanec, D. Jiang, K.S. Novoselov, S. Roth, A.K. Geim, Raman Spectrum of Graphene and Graphene Layers, Phy. Rev. Lett. 97 (2006) 187401.

DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.97.187401

Google Scholar

[43] I.K. Moon, J. Lee, R.S. Ruoff, H. Lee, Reduced graphene oxide by chemical graphitization, Nature Comm. 73 (2010) 1-6.

Google Scholar

[44] X. Xie, Y. Zhou, K. Huang. Advances in Microwave-Assisted Production of Reduced Graphene Oxide. Frontiers in Chemistry 7 (2019) 355.

Google Scholar

[45] H. Wang, J.T. Robinson, X. Li, H. Dai, Solvothermal Reduction of Chemically Exfoliated Graphene Sheets, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009) 9910-9911.

DOI: 10.1021/ja904251p

Google Scholar

[46] G. Eda, G. Fanchini, M. Chhowalla, Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material, Nature Nanotech. 3 (2008) 270-274.

DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.83

Google Scholar

[47] K.A. Worsley, P. Ramesh, S.K. Mandal, S. Niyogi, M.E. Itkis, R.C. Haddon, Soluble graphene derived from graphite fluoride, Chem. Phy. Lett. 445 (2007) 51-56.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.07.059

Google Scholar

[48] E.A. Obraztsova, A.V. Osadchy, E.D. Obraztsova, S. Lefrant, I.V. Yaminsky, Statistical analysis of atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy data for estimation of graphene layer numbers, Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 245 (2008) 2055-2059.

DOI: 10.1002/pssb.200879657

Google Scholar

[49] M.J. Lee, J.S. Choi, J.S. Kim, I.S. Byun, D.H. Lee, S. Ryu, C. Lee, B.H. Park, Characteristics and effects of diffused water between graphene and a SiO2 substrate, Nano Res. 5 (2012) 710-717.

DOI: 10.1007/s12274-012-0255-9

Google Scholar

[50] H. Ghorbanfekr-Kalashami, K.S. Vasu, R.R. Nair, F.M. Peeters, M. Neek-Amal, Dependence of the shape of graphene nanobubbles on trapped substance, Nat. Comm. 8 (2017) 15844.

DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15844

Google Scholar

Scientific.Net is a registered brand of Trans Tech Publications Ltd
© 2024 by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved