pISSN 0513-5796   eISSN 1976-2437
Open Access, Peer-reviewed, Monthly
    Yonsei Med J. 2013 Sep;54(5):1168-1177. English.
    Published online Jul 23, 2013.
    https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2013.54.5.1168
    © Copyright: Yonsei University College of Medicine 2013
    Original Article

    Prognostic Factors for Patients with Bone-Only Metastasis in Breast Cancer

    Sung Gwe Ahn,1 Hak Min Lee,1 Sang-Hoon Cho,2 Seung Ah Lee,1 Seung Hyun Hwang,1 Joon Jeong,1 and Hy-De Lee1
      • 1Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Medical College, Seoul, Korea.
      • 2Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea.
    • Corresponding author: Dr. Joon Jeong, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Medical College, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, Korea. Tel: 82-2-2019-3370, Fax: 82-2-3462-5994, Email: gsjjoon@yuhs.ac
    Received September 07, 2012; Revised October 29, 2012; Accepted December 04, 2012.

    This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

    Abstract

    Purpose

    Bone is the most frequent site of metastasis among breast cancer patients. We investigated prognostic factors affecting survival following bone-only metastasis in breast cancer patients.

    Materials and Methods

    The medical records of breast cancer patients who were treated and followed at Gangnam Severance Hospital retrospectively reviewed to identify patients with bone-only metastasis.

    Results

    The median time from the diagnosis of bone-only metastasis to the last follow-up or death was 55.2 [95% confidence interval (CI), 38.6-71.9] months. The Kaplan-Meier overall survival estimate at 10 years for all patients was 34.9%. In the multivariate Cox regression model, bisphosphonate treatment [hazard ratio=0.18; 95% CI, 0.07-0.43], estrogen receptor positivity (hazard ratio=0.51; 95% CI, 0.28-0.94), and solitary bone metastasis (hazard ratio=0.32; 95% CI, 0.14-0.72) were significantly associated with longer overall survival in the bone-only recurrence group. Among the treatment modalities, only bisphosphonate treatment was identified as a significant prognostic factor.

    Conclusion

    Identifying the factors influencing breast cancer mortality after bone-only metastasis will help clarify the clinical course and improve the treatment outcome for patients with breast cancer and bone-only metastasis. Bisphosphonates, as a significant prognostic factor, warrant further investigation.

    Keywords
    Breast neoplasm; bone metastses; bisphosphonate

    INTRODUCTION

    Bone is the most frequent site of metastasis among patients with breast cancer, and 70% of breast cancer patients experience distant bone relapse.1 Factors affecting bone metastasis at the first distant relapse in breast cancer are well established. Tumors with estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor positivity, a low or intermediate histologic grade, and a low mitotic rate have a greater propensity to metastasize to bone than to the viscera.2, 3 Breast cancer metastases with synchronous multiple sites of recurrence are common,4 and systemic metastasis limited to bone are less frequent. Bone-only metastasis has been reported to occur in 17-37% of patients with distant metastasis.5-7

    Distant metastasis confined to the skeletal system has a more favorable prognosis than other types of distant metastasis or multiple metastases to bone and the detecviscera.7-9 Other investigators reported that the median survival of patients with bone-only metastasis was 24-54 months.7-10 Many factors associated with overall prognosis at early breast cancer diagnosis retain prognostic significance for survival following the first diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer.11-13 As a result, favorable tumor characteristics of the primary tumor explain the modest prognosis of women with bone-only metastasis.2, 3

    Many physicians have sought to establish the optimal treatment strategy for women with bone metastasis. Among the treatment modalities, endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, external radiotherapy, and bisphosphonate therapy are available therapeutic options for these patients. It is unknown which treatment approach (endocrine therapy alone, chemotherapy alone, combinatory therapy) prolongs survival in patients with bone-only metastasis. Moreover, little evidence has been provided regarding the prognostic factors that may predict better or worse outcomes among patients with bone-only metastases.

    Niikura, et al.10 compared the treatment outcomes of endocrine therapy or chemotherapy with that of combination therapy (chemotherapy followed by endocrine therapy, or endocrine therapy combined with molecular-targeted therapy) among patients with breast cancer with bone-only metastasis, but the optimal treatment option was not elucidated tangibly in that study.

    The primary goal of the current study was to identify prognostic factors affecting survival after bone-only metastasis with clinicopathologic factors including therapeutic modalities such as endocrine therapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and bisphosphonate treatment.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Patients

    A prospectively maintained database of breast cancer patients treated at Gangnam Severance Hospital was used to identify patients with bone-only metastasis diagnosed between January 1991 and June 2011. Patients with bone-only metastasis were stratified into two groups based on the timing of bone metastasis. The de novo group consisted of the patients who had bone-only metastasis detected during the initial diagnosis of breast cancer. The recurrence group consisted of the patients who developed bone-only metastasis after completing curative management of the primary breast tumor and neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant systemic treatment. Among the identified patients with bone metastases (n=311), patients with bone metastasis accompanied by synchronous distant metastasis to other organs were excluded (n=192). Patients with progression to other distant metastasis within 6 months of the diagnosis of bone-only metastasis (n=9) were also excluded. Bone metastasis was diagnosed based on imaging studies using a bone scan and/or positron emission tomography/computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. We reviewed medical records for any discrepancies in the information and pathologic data of these patients. We also summarized the clinicopathologic characteristics of the patients and the details of various treatments. The Institutional Review Board approved this study, and the need for informed consent was waived because of the retrospective design.

    Treatment modalities

    Medical information regarding the treatment modalities for bone metastasis was obtained via chart review. We defined the treatments for bone metastasis as any kind of treatments performed from the time of diagnosis of bone metastasis to the time of development of other systemic metastasis or mortality. Previous chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and radiotherapy before the diagnosis of bone-only metastasis were excluded. According to the number of utilized chemotherapy regimens, patients who received chemotherapy were categorized into single-treated and heavily-treated groups. The single-treated group included patients who received treatment with a single cytotoxic regimen during the study period, and the heavily-treated group included patients who received two or more chemotherapy regimens as a result of metastatic bone disease progression. Bisphosphonate treatment was defined as the persistent administration of bisphosphonate for more than 2 months according to a previous report.14 Bisphosphonates were administered every 4 weeks intravenously. Patients treated with bisphosphonate received zoledronic acid or pamidronate.

    Statistical analysis

    The nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum significance test was applied to compare the ages and tumor sizes of patients at the time of diagnosis between the de novo and recurrence groups. The significance of differences between the two groups for categorical variables was tested using the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. The primary endpoint of this study was overall survival (OS) since the diagnosis of bone-only metastasis. OS was defined from the time of the first detection of bone metastasis to death or the last follow-up. The Kaplan-Meier method was utilized to estimate the OS for each categorical variable, and the estimated survival curves for different groups were compared using the log-lank test. All of the covariates that displayed marginally significant associations with OS were introduced into the Cox proportional hazards regression model. According to the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC), we determined the covariates most significantly associated with mortality while avoiding over-parameterization. All statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Software Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 18.0 for Windows; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and the R software (http://www.r-projet.org). A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

    RESULTS

    In total, 110 breast cancer patients were enrolled in this study, including 91 patients in the recurrence group and 19 patients in the de novo group. The baseline characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 1. The median ages at the time of breast cancer diagnosis in the recurrence and de novo groups were 43 and 45 years, respectively (p=0.346), the median ages at the diagnosis of bone metastasis in the two groups were 47 and 45 years, respectively (p=0.317), and the median tumor size was 3.0 cm in both groups (p=0.671). The proportion of patients with advanced node stage was similar between the two groups (p=0.174), whereas the entire de novo group consisted of patients with stage IV disease (p<0.001). Regarding the treatment modalities, the proportions of patients who received endocrine therapy and bisphosphonate treatment were significantly higher in the de novo group than in the recurrence group (p=0.007 and p=0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences regarding the other treatment modalities between the two groups.

    Table 1
    Patient Characteristics According to the Timing of Bone Metastasis Diagnosis

    Among the patients who received chemotherapy for bone metastasis (n=99), 86 patients (87%) were in the single-treated group, and 13 patients (13%) were in the heavy-treated group. Among the patients who received endocrine therapy (n=45), 18 (40.0%) received tamoxifen, 25 (56%) received an aromatase inhibitor, and 2 (4%) received both agents. Among the patients treated with chemotherapy or endocrine therapy, 37 received both treatments. Among the patients managed with bisphosphonates (n=45), 41 (91%) received zoledronic acid, 3 (7%) received pamidronate, and 1 (2%) initially received pamidronate, although this patient's treatement was subsequently changed to zoledronic acid. Although we utilized an inclusion criterion of persistent use of bisphosphonates for more than 2 months, all patients treated with bisphosphonates received the agents for a continuous period of at least 12 months.

    By the end of the follow-up period, 56 patients (50.9%) had died, and the OS at 10 years was 34.9% (Fig. 1). The median time from the initial primary breast cancer diagnosis to the last follow-up or death, the median time from the initial primary tumor diagnosis to the diagnosis of bone metastasis, and the median OS after the diagnosis of bone-only metastasis were 75.0 [95% confidence interval (CI), 57.2-92.8], 31.0 (95% CI, 20.7-41.2), and 55.2 (95% CI, 38.6-71.9) months, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier overall survival at 5 years for patients with de novo bone metastasis was higher than that for patients with recurrent bone metastasis (60.2% vs. 44.1%); however, a significant difference between their overall survival was not observed (p=0.136). In the univariate analysis of OS after bone-only metastasis, a lower number of metastatic lymph nodes (p=0.006), endocrine therapy (p=0.022), recurrence-free interval exceeding 2 years (p<0.001), ER positivity (p=0.027), bisphosphonate treatment (p<0.001), and solitary bone metastasis (p<0.001) were associated with a better survival outcome (Table 2).

    Fig. 1
    Kaplan-Meier plot showing OS for all patients. OS, overall survival.

    Table 2
    Univariate Analysis of Prognostic Factors Affecting Survival after Bone Metastasis

    In the multivariable analysis, patients assigned to the de novo group were excluded because their recurrence-free intervals could not be measured. According to the Cox regression model selected using Akaike Information Criteria, solitary bone metastasis (hazard ratio=0.32, 95% CI, 0.14-0.72), ER positivity (hazard ratio=0.51, 95% CI, 0.28-0.94), and bisphosphonate treatment (hazard ratio=0.18, 95% CI, 0.07-0.43) were significantly associated with longer OS after bone-only metastasis (Table 3). The Kaplan-Meier plots regarding with these significant factors are shown in the Fig. 2.

    Fig. 2
    Kaplan-Meier plot showing OS stratified by (A) bisphosphonate treatment (log-rank test, p<0.001) (B) ER status (log-rank test, p=0.027) (C) the recurrence-free interval (log-rank test, p<0.001), and (D) the number of bone metastases (log-rank test, p<0.001). OS, overall survival; ER, estrogen; RFI, recurrence-free interval.

    Table 3
    Prognostic Factors of Breast Cancer Mortality in the Bone-Only Recurrence Group (n=91)

    In further subgroup analysis focusing on the ER-positive patients, bisphosphonate treatment (hazard ratio=0.27, 95% CI, 0.10-0.72) and the number of bone metastases (hazard ratio=0.14, 95% CI, 0.03-0.58) were again independently and significantly associated with breast cancer mortality (Table 4). Note that the recurrence-free interval with weak statistical significance in Table 3 and 4 improved the AIC; thus, it was retained in the final multivariate model.

    Table 4
    Prognostic Factors of Breast Cancer Mortality in the ER-Positive Group (n=63)

    DISCUSSION

    In the current study, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical features and treatment outcomes of breast cancer patients with bone-only metastases. This single-institution study of Korean patients analyzed the clinical features, survival, and prognostic factors of bone-only metastasis. The median OS following bone-only metastasis in our cohort was 55.2 months, and the survival time of the patients with bone-only metastasis appeared modest compared to that of patients with other types of distant metastasis.7-9 This favorable survival outcome of the patients with bone-only metastasis motivated us to conduct this investigation and facilitated the attempt to seek a treatment strategy best suited to these patients. Advances in radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and bisphosphonate treatment may have contributed to the improved management of metastatic bone disease.10

    Although patients were stratified into two groups according to the timing of bone metastasis diagnosis, significant differences were not found in the survival analysis of these two groups (p=0.136). Despite the slightly better treatment outcome in the de novo group, the timing of bone metastasis might not be a significant prognostic factor for OS among patients with bone-only metastasis.

    The prognostic factors identified in our study include the number of bone metastases (hazard ratio=0.32) (Table 3). This finding was equivalent to the report of Koizumi, et al.12 that solitary bone metastasis is an independent prognostic factor in patients with skeletal metastasis.

    According to previous studies, ER status and recurrence-free interval were commonly known to influence survival time following bone metastasis.3, 9, 13, 15 The positive influence of the ER status of the primary tumor on the survival time following bone metastasis observed in other studies was also confirmed in our results.3, 12 This finding that ER positivity was associated with a better survival following the diagnosis of bone metastasis (hazard ratio=0.51) (Table 3) is in agreement with other reports that factors associated with the prognosis at diagnosis retain prognostic significance for survival after the diagnosis of metastatic breast cancer.10, 12, 16, 17

    Because a higher proportion of ER-positive patients developed bone-only metastasis and because of the influence of ER status on prognosis, adjuvant endocrine therapy may have an important role in the management of patients with bone-only metastasis. Previous reports recommended endocrine therapy to mitigate symptoms, minimize serious complications, and extend survival while preserving the quality of life for patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive and human epidermal receptor-2-negative patients with bone-only metastases.9, 18 However, endocrine therapy did not provide a statistically significant therapeutic effect in our study. In our subgroup analysis for the ER-positive patients, results regarding endocrine therapy did not change. However, the relevance of endocrine therapy as a primary treatment option deserves further investigation.

    The recurrence-free interval was also associated with the survival time of the patients with bone-only metastasis. A recurrence-free interval of less than 2 years suggested worse prognosis19 and increased the mortality rate in patients with breast cancer.20 In our results, the recurrence-free interval retained its clinical significance, and it was verified as a prognostic factor for patients with bone-only metastasis.

    Among the treatment modalities, only bisphosphonate treatment was identified as a significant prognostic factor in our multivariate survival analysis (hazard ratio=0.18) (Table 3). Our results revealed a significantly better OS for patients who received bisphosphonate treatment than for those who did not receive bisphosphonate treatment (Fig. 2A). Bisphosphonates are commonly used in patients with breast cancer to reduce the incidence of skeletal-related events in metastatic disease and to minimize bone loss.21-25 Zoledronic acid, a third-generation nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate, reduces the incidence of skeletal complications in breast cancer patients with confirmed bone metastases.26-28 Several studies suggested that zoledronic acid promotes antiangiogenesis and apoptosis29-31 and has synergistic antitumor effects with chemotherapy in preclinical settings.31, 32

    It is still controversial whether bisphosphonates improve treatment outcome.33-36 Although several large trials of zoledronic acid have supported prolonged recurrence-free survival in postmenopausal or otherwise estrogen-depleted women with early breast cancer,36-38 adjuvant treatment with zoledronic acid was not demonstrated to improve the prognosis of breast cancer patients.14 In the management of metastatic breast cancer, bisphosphonate administration also did not provide a survival benefit.21-25 Park, et al.39 reported that the administration of bisphosphonates including zoledronic acid and pamidronate may provide a survival benefit in patients with metastatic breast cancer with HR-negative tumors, whereas it did not enhance survival in a recent study on the antitumor effect of zoledronic acid in breast cancer patients with bone-only metastasis.14

    In our results, bisphosphonate treatment was the most significant prognostic factor of OS after bone-only metastasis. In this study, 97% of bisphosphonate-treated women received zoledronic acid, which is much more potent than other bisphosphonates.:27, 28 This finding was suggestive of a promising therapeutic benefit of bisphosphonate treatment. Moreover, in our study population, median age at the diagnosis of bone-only metastasis was 47.0 years-old, which belongs to the perimenopausal period. Among the population, 99 patients (90.0%) received chemotherapy, which may have induced a transient or permanent amenorrhea. With speculation from this background, a large number of the patients might have been in postmenopausal status, which is associated with the improvement of treatment outcome of zoledronic acid.36-38

    Another reason could be that most patients treated with bisphosphonates receive this treatment for at least 12 months, and the duration of bisphosphonate use in this study was relatively longer than that reported previously. These findings provided clinical evidences for a favorable therapeutic effect of bisphosphonates on the prognosis of breast cancer patients with bone-only metastasis in addition to their ancillary role in supportive care to control skeletal-related events.

    Nevertheless, there might be selection bias with regard to the patients who received bisphosphonate treatment. Only patients with good performance status or anticipated better survival were likely to receive bisphosphonate treatment. However, in the recurrence group used for multivariate analysis, there was no significant difference between two subgroups stratified by bisphosphonate therapy (Supplementary Table 1). This suggests that characteristics of the bisphosphonate treated-group are not much different from those of the not-treated group.

    Supplementary Table 1
    Patient Characteristics According to Bisphosphonate Treatment in the Recurrence Group (n=91)

    Additionally, the limitations of the present study include its retrospective and single-institution design, possibly leading to selection and referral bias. As a result, randomizations to different treatments were not performed. Each treatment modality was not systemized, and different types of drugs, doses, and schedules were used. The small study population is another limitation.

    In conclusion, our results revealed a relatively good prognosis of bone-only metastasis, and we identified significant prognostic factors for survival following bone-only metastasis in patients with breast cancer. Despite the lack of a proven treatment option, diverse treatment modalities were observed to positively affect the prognosis of bone-only metastasis, and effort to develop an appropriate treatment strategy should be continued. Bisphosphonates identified as a significant prognostic factor in our study warrant further investigation.

    Notes

    The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

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    MeSH Terms
    Adult
    Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
    Bone Neoplasms/drug therapy
    Bone Neoplasms/genetics
    Bone Neoplasms/secondary*
    Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
    Breast Neoplasms/genetics
    Breast Neoplasms/pathology*
    Female
    Humans
    Middle Aged
    Multivariate Analysis
    Prognosis
    Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
    Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
    Regression Analysis
    Retrospective Studies
    Survival Analysis
    Metrics
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