Introduction

The association between thyroid disease and exophthalmos has been recognized for more than three centuries. Scholars from different parts of the world attribute the first modern description of the syndrome to Caleb Parry in England, Robert James Graves in Ireland, or Karl Adolph von Basedow in Germany in the late 18th or early 19th century. Since the time of these early accounts of thyroid-associated eye disease, our understanding of this syndrome has advanced significantly.