Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sulphonylurea Antidiabetic Drugs

An Update of Their Clinical Pharmacology and Rational Therapeutic Use

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Apart from the amelioration of symptoms, a major aim of the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, type 2 diabetes) should be the prevention of cardiovascular complications. These are associated with the chronic hyperglycaemia that is characteristic of NIDDM, and the risk of complications is already increased in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). For these reasons, and because hyperglycaemia appears to be a self-perpetuating condition, treatment should be introduced as early as possible and should be aimed at normalisation of blood glucose. To enable early detection and intervention, screening is necessary. As diet regulation alone rarely suffices to normalise blood glucose, addition of sulphonylurea drugs is indicated in many cases. If introduced in the IGT phase, sulphonylureas drugs combined with diet regulation may postpone the development of IGT to manifest NIDDM, and may reduce the increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Sulphonylureas stimulate insulin release, possibly via interaction with receptors in the pancreatic B cells. In addition, such treatment enhances the reduced insulin action. This might be a primary effect but is also a consequence of the increased access to insulin and the subsequent reduction of hyperglycaemia. Sulphonylureas may enhance insulin availability by reducing insulin clearance. Effects on blood lipids are probably secondary phenomena.

Fast and short acting sulphonylureas may improve the impaired meal-induced acute insulin release. If combined with weight-reducing diet regulation and introduced early, such treatment can maintain (near) normal blood glucose levels and an improved insulin action for several years without increasing basal insulin secretion, without chronic hyper-insulinaemia, and without weight increase. If not combined with diet regulation, sulphonylurea therapy is likely to fail. If introduced when NIDDM is advanced, the efficacy of these drugs is limited, with secondary failures developing at a rate of 5 to 10% per year. Continuous (24-hour-a-day) exposure to drug treatment could possibly desensitise the B cell to sulphonylurea stimulation.

‘Second-generation’ sulphonylurea drugs have a higher potency than ‘first-generation’ drugs, but this need not signify a greater clinical efficacy. The effect of several of these drugs may be increased if they are ingested half an hour before meal(s). Short acting sulphonylureas may be safer than long acting ones, which seem more likely to cause long lasting and fatal hypoglycaemia, at least in elderly patients. Hypoglycaemia may be augmented by the concomitant use of alcohol, aspirin, sulphonamides and trimethoprim, and by intercurrent illness with decreased caloric intake. Thiazides and β-blockers may counteract the efficacy of sulphonylurea drugs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Almér L-O. Vascular fibrinolytic activity in long term treatment with second generation sulfonylurea compounds. Acta Endocrinologica (Suppl. 239): 53–55, 1980

  • Almér L-O, Johansson E, Melander A, Wåhlin-Boll E. Influence of sulphonylureas on the secretion, disposal and effect of insulin. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22: 27–32, 1982

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson A, Borg LAH. Effects of glipizide on the insulin production by isolated mouse pancreatic islets. Acta Endocrinologica (Suppl. 239): 37–41, 1980

  • Arnqvist HJ, Karlberg BE, Melander A. Pharmacokinetics and effects of glibenclamide in two formulations,HB419 and HB420, in type 2 diabetics. Annals of Clinical Research 15 (Suppl. 37): 21–25, 1983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Artini D, Abbiati R, Orsini G, Parenti MA, Bloch K, et al. Pharmacodynamic aspects of two sulfonylurea derivatives, glipizide and glibenclamide. Diabetologia 9 (Suppl.): 311–316, 1973

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asplund K, Wiholm B-E, Lithner F. Glibenclamide-associated hypoglycaemia: a report on 57 cases. Diabetologia 24: 412–417, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck-Nielsen H, Hother Nielsen O, Andersen PH, Pederson O, Schmitz O. In vivo action of glibenclamide. Abstract no. 26. Diabetologia 29: 515A, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck-Nielsen H, Pedersen O, Lindskov HO. Increased insulin sensitivity and cellular insulin binding in obese diabetics following treatment with glibenclamide. Acta Endocrinologica 90: 451–462, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck-Nielsen H, Pedersen O, Sörensen NS. Effects of dietary changes on cellular insulin binding and in vivo insulin sensitivity. Metabolism 29: 482–487, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Behrle M. Untersuchung zur Pharmakokinetik von Glibenclamid bei nierengesunden und niereninsuffizienten Diabetikern. Thesis. Ruprecht-Karl-Universität, Heidelberg, West Germany, 1980

  • Berger W, Cardiff F, Pasquel M, Rump A. Die relative Häufigkeit der schweren Sulfonylharnstoff-Hypoglykämie in den letzten 25 Jahren in der Schweiz. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 116: 145–151, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berry EM, Bar-On H. Comparison of sulphonylurea and insulin treatment on lipid levels in maturity-onset diabetic men and women. Israeli Journal of Medical Sciences 17: 384–387, 1981

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bitzén P-O. On the early detection and treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in primary health care. PhD Thesis, University of Lund, 1988

  • Bitzén P-O, Melander A, Scherstén B, Svensson M. Efficacy of dietary regulation in screening-detected NIDDM primary health care patients with different degrees of hyperglycaemia. Diabetic Medicine, in press, 1988

  • Bitzén P-O, Melander A, Scherstén B, Wåhlin-Boll E. The influence of glipizide on early insulin release and glucose disposal before and after diet regulation in diabetic patients with different degrees of hyperglycaemia. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 35(1): 31–37, 1988

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bitzén P-O, Scherstén B. Assessment of laboratory methods for detection of unsuspected diabetes in primary health care. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 4: 85–95, 1986

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RG, Foubister AJ. Receptor binding sites of hypoglycemic sulfonylureas and related [(acylamino)alkyl] benzoic acid. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 27: 79–81, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calvert GD, Mannik T, Graham JJ, Wise PH, Yeates RA. Effects of therapy on plasma-high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration in diabetes mellitus. Lancet 2: 66–68, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camerini-Davalos RA, Velasco C, Glasser M, Bloodworth JBM. Drug-induced reversal of early diabetic microangiopathy. New England Journal of Medicine 309: 1551–1556, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell DB, Adriaenssens P, Hopkins YW, Gordon B, Williams JRB. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of gliclazide: a review. In Keen et al. (Eds) Gliclazide and the treatment of diabetes, International Congress and Symposium Series No. 20, pp. 71–82, Academic Press, London, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerasi E, Efendic S, Luft R. Dose response relation between insulin and blood glucose levels during oral glucose loads in prediabetic and diabetic subjects. Lancet 1: 794–797, 1973

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E, Koivisto V. New concepts in the pathogenesis and treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Medicine 74 (Suppl. 1A): 52–81, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donahue RP, Abbott RD, Reed DM, Katsuhiko Y. Postchallenge glucose concentration and coronary heart disease in men of Japanese ancestry: Honolulu Heart Program. Diabetes 36: 689–692, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eder HA. Lipid metabolism in diabetes: the role of sulfonylureas in the treatment of insulin-independent diabetes. Colloqium Proceedings, pp. 13–17, Science and Medicine, New York, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman JM, Lebovitz HL. Appraisal of the extrapancreatic actions of sulfonylureas. Archives of Internal Medicine 123: 314–322, 1969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferner RE, Chaplin S. The relationship between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 12: 379–401, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferner R, Neil HAW. Sulphonylureas and hypoglycaemia. British Medical Journal 296: 949–950, 1988

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferner R, Rawlins MD, Alberti KGMM. Impaired B-cell responses improve when fasting blood glucose concentration is reduced in non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Quarterly Journal of Medicine, New Series 66: 137–146, 1988

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller JH. Clinical trials in diabetes mellitus. In Mann et al. (Eds) Diabetes in epidemiological perspective, pp. 265–285, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller JH, Shipley MJ, Rose G, Jarrett RJ, Keen H. Coronaryheart-disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance. Lancet 1: 1373–1376, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geisen K, Hitzel V, Ökomonopoulos R, Pünter J, Weyer R, et al. Inhibition of 3H-glibenclamide binding to sulfonylurea receptors by oral antidiabetics. Arzneimittel-Forschung/Drug Research 35: 707–712, 1985

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerich JE. Sulfonylureas in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 60: 439–443, 1985

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield MS, Doberne L, Rosenthal M, Schultz B, Widström A, et al. Effect of sulfonylurea treatment on in vivo insulin secretion and action in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 31: 307–312, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenfield MS, Doberne L, Rosenthal M, Vreman HJ, Reaven GM. Lipid metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Archives of Internal Medicine 142: 1498–1500, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groop L, Groop P-H, Stenman S, Saloranta C, Tötterman K-J, et al. Comparison of pharmacokinetics, metabolic effects and mechanisms of action of glyburide and glipizide during long-term treatment. Diabetes Care 10: 671–678, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groop L, Groop P-H, Stenman S, Saloranta C, Tötterman K-J, et al. Do sulfonylureas influence hepatic insulin clearance? Diabetes Care 11: 689–690, 1988

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groop L, Harno K, Tolppanen EM. The combination of insulin and sulphonylurea in the treatment of secondary drug failure in patients with type II diabetes. Acta Endocrinologica 106: 97–101, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groop L, Luzi L, Melander A, Groop P-H, Ratheiser K, et al. Different effects of glyburide and glipizide on insulin secretion and hepatic glucose production in normal and NIDDM subjects. Diabetes 36: 1320–1328, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grunberger G, Ryan J, Gorden P. Sulfonylurea do not affect insulin binding or glycemic control in insulin-dependent diabetics. Diabetes 31: 890–896, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadden DR, Blair ALT, Wilson EA, Boyle DMcC, Atkinson AB, et al. Natural history of diabetes presenting age 40–69 years: a prospective study of the influence of intensive dietary therapy. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 59: 579–598, 1986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamelbeck H, Klein W, Zoltobrocki M, Schöffling K. Glibenclamide-insulin combination in the management of secondary failure of sulfonylurea medication. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 107: 1581–1583, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hartling SG, Binder C, Faber OK: C-peptide and proinsulin. In Alberti & Krall (Eds) The diabetes annual3, pp. 382–397, Elsiever, New York, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartling SG, Faber OK, Wegmann M-L, Wåhlin-Boll E, Melander A. Interaction of ethanol and glipizide in humans. Diabetes Care 10: 683–686, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellman B, Sehlin J, Täljedal I-B. Glibenclamide is exceptional among hypoglycaemic agents in accumulating progressively in B-cell rich pancreatic islets. Acta Endocrinologica 105: 385–390, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henry RR, Wallace P, Olefsky JM. Effects of weight loss on mechanisms of hyperglycemia in obese non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 35: 990–998, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holman RR, Turner RG. The quest for basal normoglycemia. Lancet 1: 469–474, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes B, Hell RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS. Gliclazide: a preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy in diabetes mellitus. Drugs 27: 301–327, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard BV, Savage PJ, Benniion LJ, Bennett Ph. Lipoprotein composition in diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 30: 153–162, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikegawi H, Shima K, Tanaka A, Tahara Y, Hirota M, et al. Inter-individual variation in the absorption of glibenclamide in man. Acta Endocrinologica 111: 528–532, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson EJ, Bressler R. Clinical pharmacology of sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic agents. Drugs 22: 211–245; 295–320, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarrett RJ, McCartney P, Keen H. The Bedford Survey: ten year mortality rates in newly diagnosed diabetics, borderline diabetics and normoglycaemic controls and risk indices for coronary heart disease in borderline diabetics. Diabetologia 22: 79–84, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen K. Glipizide for reversal of early diabetic microangiopathy. Correspondence. New England Journal of Medicine 310: 1389, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Karam JH, Matin SB, Forsham PH. Antidiabetic drugs after the University Group Diabetes Program. Annual Review of Pharmacology 15: 351–366, 1975

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karam JH, Sanz N, Salamon E, Nolte MS. Selective unresponsiveness of pancreatic B-cells to acute sulfonylurea stimulation during sulfonylurea therapy in NIDDM. Diabetes 35: 1314–1320, 1986

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy AL, Lappin TRJ, Lavery TD, Hadden DR, Weaver JA, et al. Relation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration of type of diabetes and its control. British Medical Journal 2: 1191–1194, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilo C. Value of glucose control in preventing complications of diabetes. American Journal of Medicine 79 (Suppl. 2B): 33–37, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilo C, Miller P, Williamson JR. The crux of the UGDP: spurious results and biologically inappropriate data analysis. Diabetologia 18: 179–185, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King JB, Kalk WJ, Vinik AI, Jackson WPU, Bracher M, et al. An elevation of the effects of some sulphonylureas on platelet function. South Africa Medical Journal 51: 124–126, 1977

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knowler WC, Sartor G, Scherstén B. Effects of glucose tolerance and treatment of abnormal tolerance on mortality in Malmöhus County, Sweden. Abstract no. 280. Diabetologia 30: 541A, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolterman OG, Olefsky JM. The impact of sulphonylurea treatment upon the mechanisms responsible for the insulin resistance in Type II diabetes. Diabetes Care 7 (Suppl. 1): 81–88, 1984

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lebovitz HE, Feinglos MN, Bucholtz HK, Lebovitz FL. Potentiation of insulin action: a probable mechanism for the anti-diabetic action of sulfonylurea drugs. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 45: 601–604, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lisch H-J, Sailer S. Lipoprotein patterns in diet, sulphonylurea, and insulin treated diabetics. Diabetologia 20: 118–122, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu GC, Coulston AM, Lardinois CK, Hollenbeck CB, Moore JG, et al. Moderate weight loss and sulfonylurea treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Archives of Internal Medicine 145: 665–669, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luft R, Wajngot A, Efendic S. On the pathogenesis of maturityonset diabetes. Diabetes Care 4: 58–63, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madsbad S, Krarup T, McNair P, Christiansen C, Faber O, et al. Practical clinical values of the C-peptide response to glucagon stimulation in the choice of treatment in diabetes mellitus. Acta Medica Scandinavica 210: 153–156, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandarino LJ, Gerich JE. Prolonged sulfonylurea administration decreases insulin resistance and increases insulin secretion on non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: evidence for improved insulin action at a postreceptor site in hepatic as well as extrahepatic tissues. Diabetes Care 7 (Suppl. 1): 89–99, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda A, Kuzuyat T, Sugita Y, Kawashima K. Plasma levels of glibenclamide in diabetic patients during routine clinical administration determined by a specific radioimmunoassay. Hormone and Metabolic Research 15: 425–428, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melander A. Clinical pharmacology of sulfonylureas. Metabolism 36: 12–16, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melander A, Sartor G, Wåhlin E, Scherstén B, Blitzén P-O. Serum tolbutamide and chlorpropamide concentrations in patients with diabetes mellitus. British Medical Journal 1: 142–144, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizroch S. Glipizide for reversal of early diabetic microangiopathy. Correspondence. New England Journal of Medicine 310: 1389, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy MB, Lewis PJ, Kohner E, Schumer B, Dollery CT. Glucose intolerance in hypertensive patients treated with diuretics: a fourteen-year follow up. Lancet 2: 1293–1295, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neufeld ND, Harris M, Corbo LM, Koduri A. Effect of glyburide in type II diabetes mellitus: studies of monocyte membrane fluidity, lipid composition, and insulin binding. Diabetes 36: 1351–1355, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuvonen PJ, Kärkkäinen S. Effects of charcoal, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride on chlorpropamide kinetics. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 33: 386–393, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olefsky JM, Ciraldi TP, Kolterman OG. Mechanisms of insulin resistance in non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes. American Journal of Medicine 79: 12–22, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Rahilly SP, Rudenski AS, Burnett MA, Nugent Z, Hosker JP, et al. Beta-cell dysfunction, rather than insulin insensitivity, is the primary defect in familial type 2 diabetes. Lancet 2: 360–363, 1986

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Östman J, Christenson I, Jansson B, Weiner L. The antidiabetic effect and pharmacokinetic properties of glipizide. Acta Medica Scandinavica 210: 173–180, 1981

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paisey R, Elkelels RS, Hambley J, Magill P. The effects of chlorpropamide and insulin on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fractional triglyceride removal. Diabetologia 15: 81–85, 1978

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persson G. Cardiovascular complications in diabetics and subjects with reduced glucose tolerance, Acta Medica Scandinavica (Suppl. 605), 1977

  • Reaven GM. Insulin-independent diabetic mellitus: metabolic characteristics. Metabolism 29: 445–454, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers BJ, Standaert ML, Pollet RJ. Direct effects of sulfonylurea agents on glucose transport in the BC3H-1 myocyte. Diabetes 36: 1292–1296, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sartor G, Lundquist I, Melander A, Scherstén B, Wåhlin-Boll E. Improved effect of glibenclamide on administration before breakfast. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21: 403–408, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sartor G, Melander A, Scherstén B, Wåhlin-Boll E. Serum glibenclamide in diabetic patients, and influence of food on the kinetics and effects of glibenclamide. Diabetologia 18: 17–22, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sartor G, Scherstén B, Carlström S, Melander A, Nordén Å, et al. Ten-year follow-up of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: prevention of diabetes by tolbutamide and diet regulation. Diabetes 29: 41, 1980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sartor G, Ursing D, Nilsson-Ehle P, Wåhlin-Boll E, Melander A. Lack of primary effect of sulphonylurea (glipizide) on plasma lipoproteins and insulin action in former type 2 diabetics with attenuated insulin secretion. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 33: 279–282, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savage PJ, Bennion LJ, Flock EV, Nagulesparan M, Mott D, et al. Diet-induced improvement of abnormalities in insulin and glucagon secretion and in insulin receptor binding in diabetes mellitus. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 48: 999–1007, 1979

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheen AJ, Lefebvre PJ, Luyckx AS. Glipizide increases plasma insulin but not C-peptide level after a standardized breakfast in type 2 diabetic patients. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 26: 471–474, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer HS. Severe drug-induced hypoglycemia: a review. Comprehensive Therapy 5: 21–29, 1979

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro ET, Tillil H, Miller MA, Frank BH, Galloway JA, et al. Insulin secretion and clearance: comparison after oral and intravenous glucose. Diabetes 36: 1365–1371, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shen SW, Bressler R. Clinical pharmacology of oral antidiabetic agents. New England Journal of Medicine 296: 787–793, 1977

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siconolfi-Baez L, Lebovitz HE. Characteristics of a specific plasma membrane sulfonylurea receptor. Diabetes 34 (Suppl. 1): 228–232, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  • Silins RA, Butcher MA, Marlin GE. Improved effect of tolbutamide when given before food in patients on long-term therapy. Correspondence. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 18: 647–648, 1984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simonson DC, Ferrannini E, Bevilacqua S, Smith D, Barrett E, et al. Mechanism of improvement in glucose metabolism after chronic glyburide therapy. Diabetes 33: 838–845, 1984

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siperstein MD. Diabetic microangiography and the control of blood glucose. New England Journal of Medicine 309: 1577–1579, 1983

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tamai T, Nakai T, Yamada S, Kobayashi T, Hayashi T, et al. The effects of glibenclamide and insulin on plasma high density lipoprotein in diabetics. Artery 9: 477–493, 1981

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taskinen M-R, Nikkilä EA, Kuusi T, Harno K. Lipoprotein lipase activity and serum lipoprotein in untreated Type 2 (insulin-independent) diabetes associated with obesity. Diabetologia 22: 46–50, 1982

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor KG, John WG, Matthews KA, Wright AD. A prospective study of the effect of 12 months treatment on serum lipids and apolipoproteins A-I and B in Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 23: 507–510, 1982

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor KG, Wright AD, Carter TJN, Valente AJ, Betts SA, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I levels at diagnosis in patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes. Diabetologia 20: 535–539, 1981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turtle JR. Glucose and insulin secretory response patterns following diet and tolazamide therapy in diabetics. British Medical Journal 3: 606–610, 1970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UK Prospective Study of Therapies of Maturity-Onset Diabetes. 1. Effect of diet, sulfonylurea, insulin or biguanide therapy on fasting plasma glucose and body weight over one year. Diabetologia 24: 404–411, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  • Unger RH, Grundy S. Hyperglycemia as an inducer as well as a consequence of impaired islet cell function and insulin resistance: implications for the management of diabetes. Diabetologia 28: 119–121, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • University Group Diabetes Program. A study of the effects of hypoglycemic agents on vascular complications in patient with adult-onset diabetes. Diabetes 19 (Suppl. 2), 1970

  • Wåhlin-Boll E, Almér L-O, Melander A. Bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and effects of glipizide in type 2 diabetics. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 7: 363–372, 1982

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wåhlin-Boll E, Groop L, Karhumaa S, Groop P-H, Tötterman K-J, et al. Therapeutic equivalence of once- and thrice-daily glipizide. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 31: 95–99, 1986

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wåhlin-Boll E, Melander A, Sartor G, Scherstén B. Influence of food intake on the absorption and effect of glipizide in diabetics and in healthy subjects. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 18: 279–283, 1980

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wåhlin-Boll E, Sartor G, Melander A, Scherstén B. Impaired effect of sulfonylurea following increased dosage. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22: 21–25, 1982

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang PH, Beguinot F, Smith RJ. Augmentation of the effects of insulin and insulin-like growth factors I and II on glucose uptake in cultured rat skeletal muscle cells by sulfonylureas. Diabetologia 30: 797–803, 1987

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward G, Harrison LC, Proietto J, Aitken P, Nankervis A. Gliclazide therapy is associated with potentiation of postbinding insulin action in obese, non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Diabetes 34: 241–245, 1985

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson JR, Kilo C. Effect of tolbutamide (TOLB) treatment on cardiovascular (CV) mortality in the University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP). Abstracts of the 10th IDF, no. 663F, p. 255, Excerpta Medica International Congress Services no. 481, 1979

  • Zaman R, Kendall MJ, Biggs PI. The effect of acebutolol and propranolol on the hypoglycaemic action of glibenclamide. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 13: 507–512, 1982

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Research in Primary Health Care, Lund University Health Sciences Centre, S-240, 10, Dalby, Sweden

    Arne Melander (Professor of Clinical Pharmacology), Per-Olof Bitzén, Ole Faber & Leif Groop

  2. Department of Community Health, Lund University Health Sciences Centre, Dalby, Sweden

    Arne Melander (Professor of Clinical Pharmacology), Per-Olof Bitzén, Ole Faber & Leif Groop

  3. Department of Medicine, Hørsholm Hospital, Hørsholm, Denmark

    Arne Melander (Professor of Clinical Pharmacology), Per-Olof Bitzén, Ole Faber & Leif Groop

  4. Fourth Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

    Arne Melander (Professor of Clinical Pharmacology), Per-Olof Bitzén, Ole Faber & Leif Groop

Authors
  1. Arne Melander
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Per-Olof Bitzén
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ole Faber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Leif Groop
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Melander, A., Bitzén, PO., Faber, O. et al. Sulphonylurea Antidiabetic Drugs. Drugs 37, 58–72 (1989). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198937010-00004

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198937010-00004

Keywords

Search

Navigation