Skip to main content
Log in

Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Apparently Healthy Men and the Risk of Sudden Death

  • Section 1: Cardiac Risks and the Impact of Diuretics: A Clinical View
  • Published:
Drugs Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Identification of individuals at increased risk of sudden cardiac death is an important but difficult problem, especially in persons without clinically apparent heart disease. The ability of the electrocardiogram (ECG) to predict sudden death was determined in a study of 3983 men who were 30.8 years of age (mean) at entry and who had been followed with regular examinations, including ECGs. During the 30-year observation period, 70 cases of sudden death occurred in men without previous clinical manifestations of heart disease. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were delected before sudden death in 71.4% of cases. The abnormalities were, in decreasing order of frequency, ST segment and T-wave abnormalities, ventricular extrasystoles, left ventricular hypertrophy, complete left bundle branch block, and pronounced left axis deviation. When these electrocardiographic findings in men without clinical manifestations of heart disease were related prospectively to the incidence of sudden death, ST segment and T-wave abnormalities, ventricular extrasystoles, left ventricular hypertrophy and complete left bundle branch block were significant predictors of sudden death, while left axis deviation and right bundle branch block were not significant predictors of sudden death.

Increased severity of primary T-wave abnormalities and the association of ST segment and T-wave abnormalities with increased QRS voltage further increased the sudden death risk. The combination of ventricular extrasystoles with either ST-T abnormalities or left ventricular hypertrophy considerably increased the risk of sudden death.

Thus, these data indicate that electrocardiographic abnormalities detected on routine examination in men without clinical evidence of heart disease identify men at an increased risk of sudden death.

Résumé

Identifier les sujets à haut risque de mort subite d’origine cardiaque est un problème important mais ardu, particulièrement quand il s’agit de personnes cliniquement indemnes d’altération de la fonction cardiaque. La valeur pronostique de l’électrocardiogramme a été évaluée chez 3983 hommes d’un âge moyen de 30,8 ans à leur entrée dans l’étude, et qui ont été suivis par des bilans réguliers incluant à chaque fois un électrocardiogramme. Pendant les 30 ans qu ’a duré l’étude, on a enregistré 70 morts subites sans manifestations cliniques prémonitoires d’origine cardiaque. Dans 71,4% des cas, des anomalies électriques ont été retrouvées avant la mort subite. Il s’agissait, par ordre décroissant de fréquence, d’anomalies du segment ST et de l’onde T, d’extrasystoles ventriculaires, d’hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche et d’un bloc de branche gauche complet, tous ayant valeur de prédiction de mort subite à l’inverse de la déviation gauche de l’axe et du bloc de branche droit.

Une aggravation des anomalies de l’onde T et l’association d’anomalies de ST et de T à une augmentation de voltage de QRS majorent le risque de mort subite. II en est de même quand s’ajoutent à des extrasystoles ventriculaires soit des anomalies de ST et de T, soit une hypertrophie ventriculaire gauche.

Ainsi, l’électrocardiogramme de routine permet de repérer les individus à risque de mort subite quand ils ne présentent pas de signes cliniques de maladie cardiaque.

Zusammenfassung

Die Identifizierung von Personen mit erhöhtem Risiko eines plötzlichen Herztodes ist, insbesondere bei Personen ohne klinisch erkennbare Herzkrankheit, ein wichtiges aber schwieriges Problem. Die Eignung des Elektrokardiogramms (EKG), plötzliche Todesfälle vorauszusagen, wurde in einer Studie an 3983 Männern im Alter von 30,8 Jahren (Mittel) zu Beginn, in der Folge durch regelmäβige Untersuchungen —einschlieβlich EKG —überprüft. Während der 30-jährigen Beobachtungszeit traten bei Männern ohne vorherige klinische Manifestation einer Herzkrankheit 70 plötzliche Todesfälle auf. In 71,4% der Fälle waren vorher elektrokardiographische Anomalien festgestellt worden. Die Anomalien waren in abnehmender Häufigkeit ST-Strecken-und T-Wellen-anomalien, ventrikuläre Extrasystolen, Hypertrophie des linken Ventrikels, Linksschenkelblock und eine ausgeprägte Abweichung der linken Achse. Wenn diese elektrokardiographischen Befunde bei Männern ohne klinische Manifestation von Herzkrankheiten prospektiv mit der Häufigkeit von plötzlichen Todesfällen in Beziehung gesetzt wurden, erwiesen sich ST-Strecken-und T-Wellenanomalien, ventrikuläre Extrasystolen, links-ventrikuläre Hypertrophie und kompletter Linksschenkelblock als signifikante, die Abweichung der linken Achse und Rechtsschenkelblock als nicht signifikante Prädiktoren plötzlichen Herztodes.

Erhöhte Schweregrade von primären T-Wellenanomalien und die Assoziation von ST-Strecken-und T-Wel-lenanomalien mit erhöhter QRS-Spannung steigern das Risiko des plötzlichen Todes weiter. Die Kombination von ventrikulären Extrasystolen mit ST-Streckenanomalien oder links-ventrikulärer Hypertrophie erhöht das Risiko eines plötzlichen Todes beträchtlich.

Diese Daten zeigen, daβ die bei Routineuntersuchungen von Männern ohne klinischen Hinweis auf eine Herzkrankheit entdeckten elektrokardiographischen Anomalien Männer mit erhöhtem Risiko eines plötzlichen Herztodes identifizieren können.

Sommario

L’identificazione dei soggetti ad elevato rischio di morte cardiaca improvvisa è un problema importante, ma di difficile soluzione, soprattutto nei casi senza manifestazioni cliniche di cardiopatia. La capacita dell’elettro-cardiogramma (ECG) di predire la morte improvvisa è stata valutata in uno studio condotto su 3983 soggetti di sesso maschile, dell’etä media di 30,8 anni al momento dell’ingresso nello studio, che furono seguiti ripetendo regolarmente nel tempo esami clinici, incluso l’ECG. Durante i 30 anni di osservazione si verificarono 70 casi di morte improvvisa in soggetti senza alcuna precedente manifestazione clinica di cardiopatia. Nel 71,4% dei casi vennero rilevate alterazioni elettrocardiografiche prima della morte improvvisa. Tali alterazioni erano, in ordine decrescente di frequenza: anomalie del tratto ST e dell’onda T, extrasistoli ventricolari, ipertrofia ventri-colare sinistra, blocco completo di branca sinistra ed una pronunciata deviazione assiale sinistra. Quando si correlò prospetticamente l’incidenza di morte improvvisa con i reperti elettrocardiografici, ottenuti in soggetti di sesso maschile senza manifestazioni cliniche di cardiopatia, le anomalie del tratto ST e dell’onda T, le extrasistoli ventricolari, l’ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra, e il blocco completo di branca sinistra risultarono essere in grado di predire significativamente il verificarsi di una morte improvvisa, a differenza della deviazione assiale sinistra e del blocco di branca destra.

Un aumento della gravità delle anomalie primitive dell’onda T e l’associazione fra le anomalie del tratto ST e dell’onda T con un aumento dei voltaggi del complesso QRS, comportavano un ulteriore aumento del rischio di morte improvvisa. L’associazione fra extrasistoli ventricolari e anomalie dei tratti ST-T o ipertrofia ventricolare sinistra, aumentava considerevolmente il rischio di morte improvvisa.

Questi dati indicano pertanto che le anomalie elettrocardiografiche, rilevate durante esami di routine eseguiti in soggetti di sesso maschile senza evidenza clinica di cardiopatie, sono in grado di identificare soggetti a maggior rischio di morte improvvisa.

Resumen

La identificación de los individuos con un mayor riesgo de muerte cardiaca súbita es un importante y dificil problema, sobre todo en las personas sin cardiopatía clínicamente aparente. La capacidad del electrocardiograma (ECG) para predecir la muerte súbita se ha determinado en un estudio efectuado sobre 3.983 hombres, con una edad media de 30,8 anos al comienzo del mismo, y que se siguieron a lo largo de 30 años, efectuándose controles periódicos, incluido ECG. Durante este período de observación se produjeron 70 casos de muerte súbita en sujetos sin manifestaciones clínicas previas de cardiopatía. En un 71,4% de los casos se detectaron con anterioridad anomalias del ECG. En orden decreciente de frecuencias, estas anomalías fueron: alteraciones del segmento ST y la onda T, extrasístoles ventriculares, hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, bloqueo total de la rama izquierda y marcada desviación del eje eléetrico a la izquierda. Al relacionar prospectivamente estas anomalias electrocardiográficas de sujetos sin manifestaciones clínicas de cardiopatia con la frecuencia de muerte súbita, las alteraciones del segmento ST y onda T, las extrasistoles ventriculares, la hipertrofia ventricular izquierda y el bloqueo completo de la rama izquierda resultan ser predictores significativos de la muerte súbita, mientras que no ocurre esto con la desviación del eje eléctrico a la izquierda ni el bloqueo de la rama derecha.

Una mayor gravedad de las alteraciones primarias de la onda T y la presentación conjunta de alteraciones del segmento ST y de la onda T con un mayor voltaje del complejo QRS aumentan el riesgo de muerte súbita. La combinación de extrasistoles ventriculares, sea con alteraciones de ST-To con hipertrofia ventricular izquierda, aumentan considerablemente el riesgo de muerte súbita.

Así pues, estos datos indican que las anomalías electrocardiográficas detectadas en las exploraciones rutinarias en sujetos varones sin manifestaciones clínicas de cardiopatía identifican los sujetos con un mayor riesgo de muerte súbita.

Resumo

A identificação de individuos com risco aumentado de morte cardíaca súbita é um problema importante mas difícil, especialmente entre as pessoas sem doença cardíaca clinicamente aparente. A capacidade de previsão de morte súbita do eletro-cardiograma (ECG) foi determinada num estudo envolvendo 3983 homens com idade média de 30,8 anos, ao ingressarem no estudo, tendo sido acompanhados por meio de exames periódicos, incluindo ECGs. Durante o periodo de observação de 30 anos, ocorreram 70 casos de morte súbita em individuos sent prévia manifestação clinica de doença cardíaca. Forain detectadas anormalidades eletrocardiog’aficas anteriores à morte súbita em 71,4% dos casos. As anormalidades foram, em ordern decrescente de freqüência, anormalidades do segmento STe da onda T, extrassístoles ventriculares, hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo, bloqueio total do feixe nervoso esquerdo e desvio pronunciado do eixo esquerdo. Ao se relacionar estas decobertas eletro-cardiográficas em individuos sem manifestação clínica de doença cardíaca com uma eventual ocorrência de morte súbita, revelaram-se como significativos indicadores de morte súbita as anormalidades do segmento ST e da onda T, as extrassístoles ventriculares, a hipertrofia do ventriculo esquerdo e o bloqueio completo do feixe nervoso esquerdo, enquanto que o desvio do eixo esquerdo e o bloqueio do feixe nervoso direito não constituíram indicadores significativos de morte súbita.

Uma severidade agravada das anormalidades da onda T e a associação das anormalidades do segmento ST e da onda T com uma voltagem aumentada de QRS, aumentaram ainda mais o risco de morte súbita. A combinação de extrassístoles ventriculares e de anormalidades ST-T, tanto quanta de hipertrofia do ventriculo esquerdo, aumentaram consideravelmente o risco de morte súbita. Consequentemente, estes dados indicam que as anormalidades eletro-cardiográficas detectadas durante exames de rotina em homens sem evidência clínica de doença cardíaca podem identificar homens com um risco maior de morte súbita.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Blackburn, H.; Taylor, H.L. and Keys, A.: The electrocardiogram in prediction of five year coronary heart disease incidence among men aged forty through fifty-nine. Circulation 41 & 42 (Suppl. 1): 154–161 (1970).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, H.; DeBacker, G.; Crow, R.; Prineas, RJ. and Jacobs, D.: Epidemiology and prevention of ectopic rhythms. A*d-vances in Cardiology 18: 208–216 (1976).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandon, K.F.; Neill, M.H. and Streeter, G.C: The use of the electrocardiogram in twenty-five years of insurance selection. Transactions of the Association of Life Insurance Medical Di-rectors of America 34: 143–160 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang, B.N.; Perlman, L.V.; Fulton, M; Ostrander Jr, L.D. and Epstein, F.H.: Predisposing factors in sudden cardiac death in Tecumseh, Michigan. A prospective study. Circulation 41: 31–37(1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, K.; Stenhouse, N.S.; Wearne, K.L. and Cumpston, G.N.: Electrocardiograms and 13 year cardiovascular mortality in Busselton study. British Heart Journal 47: 209–212 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cullen, K.; Wearne, K.L.; Stenhouse, N.S. and Cumpston, G.N.: Q-waves and ventricular extrasystoles in resting electrocar-diograms. A 16 year follow up in Busselton study. British Heart Journal 50: 465–468(1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desai, D.C.; Hershberg, P.I. and Alexander, S.: Clinical signifi-cance of ventricular premature beats in an outpatient popu-lation. Chest 64: 564–569 (1973).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, F.D. and Tyroler, H.A.: Relationship between ventricular premature contractions on routine electrocardiography and subsequent sudden death from coronary heart disease. Cir-culation 47: 712–719 (1973).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fleg, J.L.; Das, D.N. and Lakalta, E.G.: Right bundle branch block: Long term prognosis in apparently healthy men. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1: 887–892 (1983).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han, J. and Moe, G.K.: Nonuniform recovery of excitability in ventricular muscle. Circulation 14: 44–60 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kännel, W.B.; Doyle, J.T.; McNamara, P.M.; Quickenton, P. and Gordon, T.: Precursors of sudden coronary death: Factors re-lated to the incidence of sudden death. Circulation 51: 606–613 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, H.L. and Underhill, S.J.: Frequent or complex ven-tricular ectopy in apparently healthy subjects. A clinical study of 25 cases. American Journal of Cardiology 38: 141–148 (1976).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keys, A.: Seven Countries. A multivariatc analysis of death and-coronary heart disease, pp.59–60 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiessling, C.E.; Schaat, R.S. and Lyle, A.M.: A study of T wave changes in the electrocardiogram of normal individuals. American Journal of Cardiology 13: 598–602 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkland, H.B.; Kiessling, C.E. and Lyle, A.M.: The evaluation of certain fundamental electrocardiographic patterns in the selection of insurance risks. Transactions of the Association of Life Insurance Medical Directors of America 35: 86–134 (1951).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuller, L.: Sudden death in arteriosclerolic heart disease. The case for preventive medicine. American Journal of Cardiology 24: 617–627 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyle, A.M.: A study of premature beats by electrocardiogram. Transactions of the Society of Actuaries 14: 493–508 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathewson, F.A.L. and Varnam, G.S.: Abnormal electrocardio-grams in apparently healthy people. I. Long term follow-up study. Circulation 21: 196–203 (1960).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • New York Heart Association, Criteria Committee: Nomenclature and Criteria for Diagnosis of Diseases of the Heart and Great Vessels, 7th ed., pp.238–252 (Little Brown, Boston 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrander, L.: Epidemiological study of the electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 33: 270–282(1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, O. and Schatz, M.: Sudden death. Circulation 43: 17–20 (1971).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pell, S. and D’Alonzo, C.A.: Immediate mortality and five year survival of employed men with a first myocardial infarction. New England Journal of Medicine 270: 915–922 (1964).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabkin, S.W.; Mathewson, F.A.L. and Hsu, P.H.: Relation of body weight to the development of ischémie heart disease in a co-hort of young North American men after a 26 year observ-ation period: The Manitoba Study. American Journal of Car-diology 39: 452–458(1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabkin, S.W.; Mathewson, F.A.L. and Täte, R.B.: Natural history of left bundle branch block. British Heart Journal 43: 164–169 (1980).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabkin, S.W.; Mathewson, F.A.L. and Täte, R.B.: Relationship of ventricular ectopy in men without apparent heart disease to occurrence of ischémie heart disease and sudden death. American Heart Journal 101: 135–142 (1981a).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabkin, S.W.; Mathewson, F.A.L. and Täte, R.B.: The natural history of right bundle branch block and frontal plane QRS axis in apparently healthy men. Chest 80: 191–196 (1981b).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabkin, S.W.; Mathewson, F.A.L. and Täte, R.B.: The relation-ship of left axis deviation in apparently healthy men to the risk of ischémie heart disease. International Journal of Car-diology 1: 169–175 (1981c).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabkin, S.W.; Mathewson, F.A.L. and Täte, R.B.: The electro-cardiogram in apparently healthy men and the risk of sudden death. British Heart Journal 47: 546–552 (1982).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabkin, S.W. and Sacken, D.L.: Epidemiology of arterial throm-boembolism; in Colman et al. (Eds) Textbook of Hemostasis, pp.873–888 (Lippincott, Philadelphia 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodstein, M.; Gubner, R.S.; Mills, J.P.; Lovell, J.F. and Under-leider, H.E.: A mortality study in bundle branch block. Ar-chives of Internal Medicine 87: 663–668 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodstein, M.; Wollock, I. and Gubner, R.S.: Mortality study of the significance of extrasystoles in an insured population. Cir-culation 44: 617–625 (1971).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romhilt, D.W.; Bove, K.E.; Norris, R.J.; Conyers, E.; Conrodi, S.: Rowlands. D.T. and Scott, R.C.: A critical appraisal of the electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of left ventric-ular hypertrophy. Circulation 40: 185–195 (1969).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, G.A. and Blackburn, H.: Cardiovascular Survey Methods (WHO Monograph Series No. 56, 1968).

  • Rose, G.A.; Baxter, P.J.; Reid, D.D. and McCartney, P.: Prevalence and prognosis of electrocardiographic findings in middle-aged men. British Heart Journal 40: 636–643 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rotman, M. and Triebwasser, J.H.: A clinical and follow up study of right and left bundle branch block. Circulation 51: 477–484 (1975).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, J.F.; Thomas Jr, H.E.; Kreger, B.E.; McNamara, P.M. and Kannel, W.B.: Newly acquired left bundle branch block. The Framingham study. Annals of Internal Medicine 90: 303–309 (1979).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, J.F.; Thomas, H.E.; Kreger, B.E.; McNamara, P.M.; Sorlie, P. and Kannel, W.B.: Newly acquired right bundle branch block. Annals of Internal Medicine 92: 37–44 (1980).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R.F.; Jackson, D.H.; Hawthorne, J.W. and Sanders, CA.: Acquired bundle branch block in a healthy population. American Heart Journal 80: 746–775 (1970).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • The Pooling Project Research Group: Relationship of blood pressure, serum cholesterol, smoking habit, relative weight and ECG abnormalities to incidence of major coronary events: Final report of the pooling project. Journal of Chronic Diseases 31: 201–306(1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tunstall Pedoe, H.D.: Predictability of sudden death from resting electrocardiograms. Effect of previous manifestations of coronary heart disease. British Heart Journal 40: 630–635 (1978).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ungerleider, H.E.: The prognostic implications of the electrocar-diogram. American Journal of Cardiology 6: 33–44 (1960).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Urie, P.M.; Burgess, M.J.; Lux, R.L.; Wyatt, R.F. and Abildskore, J.A.: The electrocardiographic recognition of cardiac states at high risk of ventricular arrhythmias. An experimental study in dogs. Circulation Research 42: 350–358 (1978).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Rabkin, S.W. Electrocardiographic Abnormalities in Apparently Healthy Men and the Risk of Sudden Death. Drugs 28 (Suppl 1), 28–45 (1984). https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198400281-00004

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198400281-00004

Keywords

Navigation