Abstract
Risk assessments that take into account the formation of environmentally dangerous hexavalent chromium in Cr-containing mine tailings, and associated soils and sediments, require an understanding of the occurrence and speciation of Cr in silicate minerals and glasses. Silicates are more soluble and generally more susceptible to weathering than the refractory mineral chromite, the principal ore mineral of Cr. Studies at the nanoscale using a combination of advanced sample preparation via microtoming and focused ion beam techniques, in combination with state-of-the art analytical transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction, reveal the occurrence of chromite nanoparticles held within clinochlore and lizardite grains in chromitite ore (an igneous cumulate consisting primarily of chromite) from the Black Thor Chromium deposit in Northern Ontario, Canada, and the Mistake Mine, Fresno County, California, U.S.A., respectively. Nanoscale examinations of altered chromitite ore samples from the Black Thor deposit after dissolution experiments in sulfuric acid-bearing solutions of pH 2.5 show that clinochlore alters to amorphous silica depleted in chromite nanoparticles. This observation suggests the release of chromite nanoparticles rather than Cr3+ aqueous species during the weathering of chromite-bearing silicate minerals. This will in turn have an impact on the environmental behavior of Cr3+ and its potential oxidation to Cr6+. The formation of
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a Best of Science Award from the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change of Ontario to M.S., as well as by the Virginia Tech National Center for Earth and Environmental Nanotechnology Infrastructure (NanoEarth), a member of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure (NNCI) funded by NSF (ECCS 1542100). We thank Eugene Ilton and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments and Associate Editor David Singer for handling the paper. We also thank Anthony Kampf, Christopher Winkler, James Tuggle, and the Nanoscale Fabrication and Characterization Laboratory, a portion of the Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science at Virginia Tech.
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