Abstract
Lighting consumes almost one-fifth of all electricity generated today. In principle, with more efficient light sources replacing incandescent lamps, this demand can be reduced at least twofold. A dramatic improvement in lighting efficiency is possible by replacing traditional incandescent bulbs with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in which current is directly converted into photons via the process of electroluminescence. The focus of this article is on the emerging technology of LEDs that use solution-processed semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as light emitters. QDs are nano-sized semiconductor particles whose emission color can be tuned by simply changing their dimensions. They feature near-unity emission quantum yields and narrow emission bands, which result in excellent color purity. Here, we review spectroscopic studies of QDs that address the problem of nonradiative carrier losses in QD-LEDs and approaches for its mitigation via the appropriate design of QD emitters. An important conclusion of our studies is that the realization of high-performance LEDs might require a new generation of QDs that in addition to being efficient single-exciton emitters would also show high emission efficiency in the multicarrier regime.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
E.F. Schubert, Light-Emitting Diodes (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2006).
S. Schols, Device Architecture and Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Devices: Targeting High Current Densities and Control of the Triplet Concentration (Springer, London, UK, 2011).
F. So, Organic Electronics: Materials, Processing, Devices and Applications (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2009).
A.B. Tamayo, B.D. Alleyne, P.I. Djurovich, S. Lamansky, I. Tsyba, N.N. Ho, R. Bau, M.E. Thompson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 7377 (2003).
S. Lamansky, P. Djurovich, D. Murphy, F. Abdel-Razzaq, H.-E. Lee, C. Adachi, P.E. Burrows, S.R. Forrest, M.E. Thompson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123, 4304 (2001).
S.R. Forrest, M.L. Kaplan, P.H. Schmidt, J. Appl. Phys. 56, 543 (1984).
J.H. Burroughes, D.D.C. Bradley, A.R. Brown, R.N. Marks, K. Mackay, R.H. Friend, P.L. Burns, A.B. Holmes, Nature 347, 539 (1990).
G. Gustafsson, Y. Cao, G.M. Treacy, F. Klavetter, N. Colaneri, A.J. Heeger, Nature 357, 477 (1992).
W.J. Begley, T.K.S.I. Hatwar, SID Intl. Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 37, 942 (2006).
H. Kuma, J. Jinde, M. Kawamura, SID Intl. Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 38, 1504 (2007).
M. Ricks, J.R. Vargas, K.P. Klubek, SID Intl. Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 38, 830 (2007).
D. Kondakov, SID Intl. Symp. Dig. Tech. Papers 39, 617 (2008).
M.A. Baldo, D.F. O’Brien, Y. You, A. Shoustikov, S. Sibley, M.E. Thompson, S.R. Forrest, Nature 395, 151 (1998).
H. Sasabe, Y. Li, S. Su, T. Takeda, J. Kido, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 46, 10 (2007).
Z.B. Wang, M.G. Helander, J. Qiu, D.P. Puzzo, M.T. Greiner, Z.M. Hudson S. Wang, Z.W. Liu, Z.H. Lu, Nat. Photonics 5, 753 (2011).
S.J. Yeh, M.F. Wu, C.T. Chen, Y.H. Song, Y. Chi, M.H. Ho, S.F. Hsu, C.H. Chen, Adv. Mater. 17, 285 (2005).
D.V. Talapin, J.S. Lee, M.V. Kovalenko, E.V. Shevchenko, Chem. Rev. 110, 389 (2010).
A.P. Alivisatos, Endeavour 21, 56 (1997).
V.I. Klimov, Nanocrystal Quantum Dots (CRC Press, New York, 2010).
L. Brus, J. Phys. Chem. 90, 2555 (1986).
A.P. Alivisatos, Science 271, 933 (1996).
C.B. Murray, C.R. Kagan, M.G. Bawendi, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 30, 545 (2000).
V.L. Colvin, M.C. Schlamp, A.P. Alivisatos, Nature 370, 354 (1994).
V.I. Klimov, A.A. Mikhailovsky, S. Xu, A. Malko, J.A. Hollingsworth, C.A. Leatherdale, H.-J. Eisler, M.G. Bawendi, Science 290, 314 (2000).
O.E. Semonin, J.M. Luther, S. Choi, H.-Y. Chen, J. Gao, A.J. Nozik, M.C. Beard, Science 334, 1530 (2011).
G. Konstantatos, I. Howard, A. Fischer, S. Hoogland, J. Clifford, E. Klem, L. Levina, E.H. Sargent, Nature 442, 180 (2006).
T.-H. Kim, K.-S. Cho, E.K. Lee, S.J. Lee, J. Chae, J.W. Kim, D.H. Kim, J.-Y. Kwon, G. Amaratunga, S.Y. Lee, B.L. Choi, Y. Kuk, J.M. Kim, K. Kim, Nat. Photonics 5, 176 (2011).
J. Kwak, W.K. Bae, D. Lee, I. Park, J. Lim, M. Park, H. Cho, H. Woo, D.Y. Yoon, K. Char, S. Lee, C. Lee, Nano Lett. 12, 2362 (2012).
B.S. Mashford, M. Stevenson, Z. Popovic, C. Hamilton, Z. Zhou, C. Breen J. Steckel, V. Bulović, M. Bawendi, S. Coe-Sullivan, P.T. Kazlas, Nat. Photonics 7, 407 (2013).
J. Lee, V.C. Sundar, J.R. Heine, M.G. Bawendi, K.F. Jensen, Adv. Mater. 12, 1102 (2000).
E. Jang, S. Jun, H. Jang, J. Lim, B. Kim, Y. Kim, Adv. Mater. 22, 3076 (2010).
H. Woo, J. Lim, Y. Lee, J. Sung, H. Shin, J.M. Oh, M. Choi, H. Yoon, W.K. Bae, K. Char, J. Mater. Chem. C 1, 1983 (2013).
M. Achermann, M.A. Petruska, D.D. Koleske, M.H. Crawford, V.I. Klimov, Nano Lett. 6, 1396 (2006).
M. Achermann, M.A. Petruska, S. Kos, D.L. Smith, D.D. Koleske, V.I. Klimov, Nature 429, 642 (2004).
W.K. Bae, J. Kwak, J.W. Park, K. Char, C. Lee, S. Lee, Adv. Mater. 21, 1690 (2009).
K.-S. Cho, E.K. Lee, W.-J. Joo, E. Jang, T.-H. Kim, S.J. Lee, S.-J. Kwon, J.Y. Han, B.-K. Kim, B.L. Choi, J.M. Kim, Nat. Photonics 3, 341 (2009).
T.-H. Kim, K.-S. Cho, E.K. Lee, S.J. Lee, J. Chae, J.W. Kim, D.H. Kim, J.-Y. Kwon, G. Amaratunga, S.Y. Lee, B.L. Choi, Y. Kuk, J.M. Kim, K. Kim, Nat. Photonics 5, 176 (2011).
W.K. Bae, J. Kwak, J. Lim, D. Lee, M.K. Nam, K. Char, C. Lee, S. Lee, Nano Lett. 10, 2368 (2010).
J.M. Caruge, J.E. Halpert, V. Wood, V. Bulović, M.G. Bawendi, Nat. Photonics 2, 247 (2008).
V.I. Klimov, D.W. McBranch, C.A. Leatherdale, M.G. Bawendi, Phys. Rev. B 60, 13740 (1999).
M. Jones, S.S. Lo, G.D. Scholes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 3011 (2009).
J.M. Luther, J.M. Pietryga, ACS Nano 7, 1845 (2013).
M.A. Hines, P. Guyot-Sionnest, J. Phys. Chem. 100, 468 (1996).
B.O. Dabbousi, J. Rodriguez-Viejo, F.V. Mikulec, J.R. Heine, H. Mattoussi, R. Ober, K.F. Jensen, M.G. Bawendi, J. Phys. Chem. B 101, 9463 (1997).
X. Peng, M.C. Schlamp, A.V. Kadavanich, A.P. Alivisatos, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 7019 (1997).
J.M. Pietryga, D.J. Werder, D.J. Williams, J.L. Casson, R.D. Schaller, V.I. Klimov, J.A. Hollingsworth, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 4879 (2008).
W.K. Bae, J. Joo, L.A. Padilha, J. Won, D.C. Lee, Q. Lin, W.-K. Koh, H. Luo, V.I. Klimov, J.M. Pietryga, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 20160 (2012).
D.V. Talapin, I. Mekis, S. Götzinger, A. Kornowski, O. Benson, H. Weller, J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 18826 (2004).
R. Xie, U. Kolb, J. Li, T. Basché, A. Mews, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127, 7480 (2005).
W.K. Bae, K. Char, H. Hur, S. Lee, Chem. Mater. 20, 531 (2008).
W.K. Bae, M.K. Nam, K. Char, S. Lee, Chem. Mater. 20, 5307 (2008).
S.A. Crooker, J.A. Hollingsworth, S. Tretiak, V.I. Klimov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 186802 (2002).
C.R. Kagan, C.B. Murray, M. Nirmal, M.G. Bawendi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 1517 (1996).
M. Achermann, M.A. Petruska, S.A. Crooker, V.I. Klimov, J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 13782 (2003).
S.A. Crooker, T. Barrick, J.A. Hollingsworth, V.I. Klimov, Appl. Phys. Lett. 82, 2793 (2003).
B.N. Pal, Y. Ghosh, S. Brovelli, R. Laocharoensuk, V.I. Klimov, J.A. Hollingsworth, H. Htoon, Nano Lett. 12, 331 (2011).
C. Galland, Y. Ghosh, A. Steinbrück, J.A. Hollingsworth, H. Htoon, V.I. Klimov, Nat. Commun. 3, 908 (2012).
C. Galland, Y. Ghosh, A. Steinbruck, M. Sykora, J.A. Hollingsworth, V.I. Klimov, H. Htoon, Nature 479, 203 (2011).
P.L. Redmond, L.E. Brus, J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 14849 (2007).
L.A. Padilha, I. Robel, D.C. Lee, P. Nagpal, J.M. Pietryga, V.I. Klimov, ACS Nano 5, 5045 (2011).
J.A. McGuire, M. Sykora, I. Robel, L.A. Padilha, J. Joo, J.M. Pietryga, V.I. Klimov, ACS Nano 4, 6087 (2010).
V. Fomenko, D.J. Nesbitt, Nano Lett. 8, 287 (2007).
S. Hohng, T. Ha, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 1324 (2004).
S. Jin, N. Song, T. Lian, ACS Nano 4, 1545 (2010).
J.M. Pietryga, K.K. Zhuravlev, M. Whitehead, V.I. Klimov, R.D. Schaller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 217401 (2008).
V.I. Klimov, A.A. Mikhailovsky, D.W. McBranch, C.A. Leatherdale, M.G. Bawendi, Science 287, 1011 (2000).
I. Robel, R. Gresback, U. Kortshagen, R.D. Schaller, V.I. Klimov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 177404 (2009).
W.K. Bae, L.A. Padilha, Y.-S. Park, H. McDaniel, I. Robel, J.M. Pietryga V.I. Klimov, ACS Nano 7, 3411 (2013).
T.A. Baker, J.L. Rouge, D.J. Nesbitt, Mol. Phys. 107, 1867 (2009).
Y. Chen, J. Vela, H. Htoon, J.L. Casson, D.J. Werder, D.A. Bussian, V.I. Klimov, J.A. Hollingsworth, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 5026 (2008).
G.E. Cragg, A.L. Efros, Nano Lett. 10, 313 (2009).
F. García-Santamaría, S. Brovelli, R. Viswanatha, J.A. Hollingsworth, H. Htoon, S.A. Crooker, V.I. Klimov, Nano Lett. 11, 687 (2011).
F. García-Santamaría, Y. Chen, J. Vela, R.D. Schaller, J.A. Hollingsworth V.I. Klimov, Nano Lett. 9, 3482 (2009).
P.P. Jha, P. Guyot-Sionnest, ACS Nano 3, 1011 (2009).
B. Mahler, P. Spinicelli, S. Buil, X. Quelin, J.-P. Hermier, B. Dubertret, Nat. Mater. 7, 659 (2008).
Y.-S. Park, A.V. Malko, J. Vela, Y. Chen, Y. Ghosh, F. García-Santamaría J.A. Hollingsworth, V.I. Klimov, H. Htoon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 187401 (2011).
W. Qin, P. Guyot-Sionnest, ACS Nano 6, 9125 (2012).
X. Wang, X. Ren, K. Kahen, M.A. Hahn, M. Rajeswaran, S. Maccagnano-Zacher, J. Silcox, G.E. Cragg, A.L. Efros, T.D. Krauss, Nature 459, 686 (2009).
M. Zavelani-Rossi, M.G. Lupo, F. Tassone, L. Manna, G. Lanzani, Nano Lett. 10, 3142 (2010).
P. Frantsuzov, M. Kuno, B. Janko, R.A. Marcus, Nat. Phys. 4, 519 (2008).
W.K. Bae, Y.-S. Park, J. Lim, D. Lee, L.A. Padilha, H. McDaniel, I. Robel C. Lee, J.M. Pietryga, V.I. Klimov, Arxiv 1307, 0760944 (2013).
C. Javaux, B. Mahler, B. Dubertret, A. Shabaev, A.V. Rodina, A.L. Efros D.R. Yakovlev, F. Liu, M. Bayer, G. Camps, L. Biadala, S. Buil, X. Quelin, J.P. Hermier Nat. Nanotechnol. 8, 206 (2013).
J.A. McGuire, M. Sykora, J. Joo, J.M. Pietryga, V.I. Klimov, Nano Lett. 10, 2049 (2010).
J.A. McGuire, J. Joo, J.M. Pietryga, R.D. Schaller, V.I. Klimov, Acc. Chem. Res. 41, 1810 (2008).
W. Koh, A.Y. Koposov, J.T. Stewart, B.N. Pal, I. Robel, J.M. Pietryga, V.I. Klimov Sci. Rep. (2013), doi 10.1038/srep02004.
L.A. Padilha, W.K. Bae, V.I. Klimov, J.M. Pietryga, R.D. Schaller, Nano Lett. 13, 925 (2013).
J.I. Climente, J.L. Movilla, J. Planelles, Small 8, 754 (2012).
Y.-S. Park, W.K. Bae, L.A. Padilha, J.M. Pietryga, V.I. Klimov, Arxiv 1307, 0760938 (2013).
J.J. Li, Y.A. Wang, W. Guo, J.C. Keay, T.D. Mishima, M.B. Johnson, X. Peng J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 12567 (2003).
Y. Shirasaki, G.J. Supran, W.A. Tisdale, V. Bulović, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 217403 (2013).
R. Osovsky, D. Cheskis, V. Kloper, A. Sashchiuk, M. Kroner, E. Lifshitz, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 197401 (2009).
S. Coe, W.-K. Woo, M. Bawendi, V. Bulović, Nature 420, 800 (2002).
A.H. Mueller, M.A. Petruska, M. Achermann, D.J. Werder, E.A. Akhadov, D.D. Koleske, M.A. Hoffbauer,V.I. Klimov, Nano Lett. 5, 1039(2005).
J.-M. Caruge, J.E. Halpert, V. Bulović, M.G. Bawendi, Nano Lett. 6, 2991 (2006).
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Chemical Sciences, Biosciences, and Geosciences Division of Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, US Department of Energy.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bae, W.K., Brovelli, S. & Klimov, V.I. Spectroscopic insights into the performance of quantum dot light-emitting diodes. MRS Bulletin 38, 721–730 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2013.182
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2013.182