Abstract
Novel thin films of ultrafine titanium dioxide particles dispersed in a matrix of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) polymer have been made on quartz and silicon substrates. The titanium dioxide particles were made by the hydrolysis and condensation of titanium tetraethoxide (TEOT) in solutions of HPC in a mixture of ethanol and water. HPC controlled the particle size by adsorbing at the particle surface during the growth process and generating repulsive steric forces. The TiO2/HPC composite films were transparent in the visible region and completely blocked ultraviolet radiation at 300 nm. These films were crack-free and uniform in composition and thickness. Transparent films of amorphous TiO2 were made by burning out the HPC at 500 °C. These films were highly uniform and had no macroscopic cracks. X-ray diffraction revealed a transition to the anatase form upon sintering at 600 °C. A film sintered at 700 °C had a porosity of 38%. The crystalline films remained transparent until they densified at 800 °C.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Thin-Film Optical Filters, 2nd ed., edited by H. A. Macleod (Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1986).
C. J. Brinker and G. W. Scherer, Sol-Gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing (Academic Press Inc., New York, 1990), (a) Chap. 14; (b) Chap. 13.
B. J. Meldrum, Proceedings of The Society of Plastic Engineers ANTEC 1991 Conference 37, 5 (1991).
H. Schroeder, in Physics of Thin Films, edited by G. Hass and R. E. Thun (Academic, New York, 1969), Vol. 5, p. 87.
B. E. Yoldas, J. Mater. Sci. 14, 1843 (1979).
B. E. Yoldas, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 38, 81 (1980).
B. E. Yoldas, Appl. Opt. 21 (16), 2960 (1982).
A. Hurd and C. J. Brinker, J. Phys. France 49, 1017 (1988).
KLUCEL, Hydroxypropyl Cellulose, Physical and Chemical Properties, Aqualon Company, subsidiary of Hercules, Inc. (1981).
V. J. Nagpal, R. M. Davis, and J. S. Riffle, Colloids and Surfaces 87 (1), 25 (1994).
N. C. Ford, in Dynamic Light Scattering, edited by R. Pecora (Plenum Press, New York, 1985), Chap. 2.
M. Kerker, The Scattering of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation (Academic, New York, 1969).
P. K. Tien, R. Ulrich, and R. J. Martin, Appl. Phys. Lett. 14, 291 (1969).
P. K. Tien and R. Ulrich, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 60, 1325 (1970).
D. J. Walter, Thin Solid Films 23, 153 (1974).
D. J. Walter and D. Krause, Thin Solid Films 46, 7 (1977).
A. C. Adams, D. P. Schinke, and C. D. Capio, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126 (9), 1539 (1979).
J. C. Manifacier, J. Gasiot, and J. P. Fillard, J. Phys. E 9, 1002 (1976).
J. H. Jean and T. A. Ring, Colloids and Surfaces 29, 273 (1988).
P. C. Hiemenz, Polymer Chemistry: The Basic Concepts (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1984), Chap. 4.
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1987–88).
J-L. Look and C. F. Zukoski, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 75 (6), 1587 (1992).
Polymer Handbook, edited by J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut (Wiley-Interscience Publication, New York, 1975).
R. J. Samuels, J. Poly. Sci., Part A-2 7, 1197 (1969).
Handbook of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, edited by J. Chastain (Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN, 1992).
G. W. Castellan, Physical Chemistry, 2nd ed. (Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, MA, 1971), Chap. 33.
V. J. Nagpal, R. M. Davis, and S. B. Desu, “Novel Thin Films of Ceramic Particles Derived by Sol-Gel Process,” U.S. Patent pending.
T. J. Rehg and B. G. Higgins, AIChE J. 38 (4), 489 (1992).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nagpal, V.J., Davis, R.M. & Desu, S.B. Novel thin films of titanium dioxide particles synthesized by a sol-gel process. Journal of Materials Research 10, 3068–3078 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1995.3068
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1995.3068