Abstract
Heavy metal-laden water and wastewater pose a threat to biodiversity, including human health. Contaminated wastewater can be treated with several separation and purification methods. Among them, electrochemical treatment is a notable clean technology, versatile and environmentally compatible for the removal and recovery of inorganic pollutants from water and wastewater. Electrochemical technology provides solution for the recovery of metals in their most valuable state. This paper analyses the most recent electrochemical approaches for the removal and recovery of metal ions. Various current works involving cell design and electrode development were addressed in distinguished electrochemical processes, namely, electrodeposition, electrocoagulation, electroflotation, and electrosorption. Cathodic reduction of metal ions has been proven in result to metal deposit on the metal, metal oxide, stainless steel, and graphite electrode. However, little progress has been made toward electrode modification, particularly the cathode for the purpose of cathodic reduction and deposition. Meanwhile, emerging advanced materials, such as ionic liquids, have been presented to be prominent to the technological advancement of electrode modifications. It has been projected that by integrating different priorities into the design approach for electrochemical reactors and recent electrode developments, several insights can be obtained that will contribute toward the enhancement of the electrochemical process performance for the effective removal and recovery of heavy metals from water and wastewater in the near future.
About the authors
Hawaiah Imam Maarof holds BEng and MSc degrees in Chemical Engineering from Universiti Sains Malaysia. She was previously a process engineer focusing on tin-based electroplating in integrated circuit assembly and packaging environment. She has been a lecturer at the Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Malaysia) since 2008. Currently, she is a PhD candidate at the University of Malaya (Malaysia). Her research interests include separation processes (adsorption), wastewater treatment, and electrochemical processes.
Wan Mohd Ashri Wan Daud is a professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya (Malaysia). His research interests include activated carbon, pyrolysis process, second-generation biodiesel, and hydrogen production. He has published over 160 ISI papers, which have received more than 3000 citations. His h-index is 27.
Mohamed Kheireddine Aroua is a senior professor at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya (Malaysia). He is also the head of the Department of Chemical Engineering and Head of Center for Separation Science and Technology (CSST). His research interests include CO2 capture, membrane processes, electrochemical processes using activated carbon, biodiesel production, and conversion of bioglycerol to value-added chemicals. He has published more than 135 papers in ISI-ranked journals with more than 3500 citations and his h-index is 32.
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate the financial support provided by the High Impact Research (grant no. UM.C/HIR/MOHE/ENG/43). H. I. Maarof thanks the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, and the Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia, for the postgraduate scholarship.
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