Abstract
Over the last 40 years, the rapid and exponential growth of nanotechnology led to the development of various synthesis methodologies to generate nanomaterials different in size, shape and composition to be applied in various fields. In particular, nanostructures composed of Selenium (Se) or Tellurium (Te) have attracted increasing interest, due to their intermediate nature between metallic and non-metallic elements, being defined as metalloids. Indeed, this key shared feature of Se and Te allows us the use of their compounds in a variety of applications fields, such as for manufacturing photocells, photographic exposure meters, piezoelectric devices, and thermoelectric materials, to name a few. Considering also that the chemical-physical properties of elements result to be much more emphasized when they are assembled at the nanoscale range, huge efforts have been made to develop highly effective synthesis methods to generate Se- or Te-nanomaterials. In this context, the present book chapter will explore the most used chemical and/or physical methods exploited to generate different morphologies of metalloid-nanostructures, focusing also the attention on the major advantages, drawbacks as well as the safety related to these synthetic procedures.
Graphical Abstract:
Overview of the chemical and physical methods commonly used to produce various Se- and/or Te-based nanomaterials.
Funding statement: This work was supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) [216887-2010]. Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) is gratefully acknowledged for the support of this study (Grant/Award Number: 216887–2010).
About the authors
MSc Elena Piacenza received her BS degree in Biotechnology from the University of Verona (Italy) in 2013, and her MS degree in Sciences and Technologies of Bio Nanomaterials from Ca’Foscari University (Venice, Italy) in 2015. Subsequently she joined the Biological Sciences Department at the University of Calgary (Canada) as PhD student in the Biophysical Chemistry program, under the supervision of Prof. Raymond J. Turner. Currently she is a graduate visiting student in the group of Prof. Giovanni Vallini (Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology) at the University of Verona (Italy). Her research and PhD project is focused on the production of biocompatible metalloid-nanomaterials by using microorganisms as cell factories, their chemical-physical characterization and future applications.
Dr. Alessandro Presentato received his BS degree in Biological Sciences from the University of Palermo (Italy) in 2008, and his MS degree in Cellular and Molecular Biology from the University of Palermo in 2011. He then joined the Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology of the University of Bologna as graduate student and he obtained his PhD in Cellular and Molecular Biology under the supervision of Prof. Davide Zannoni in 2015. Subsequently, he worked as Post-Doctoral fellow in the Microbial Biochemistry group of Prof. Raymond J. Turner at the University of Calgary (Canada) between 2015 and 2017. He is currently working as Post-Doctoral fellow in Prof. Giovanni Vallini’s group of Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology at the University of Verona (Italy). His research is focused on the production of biogenic nanomaterials using microorganisms as cell factories and their potential applications.
Dr. Emanuele Zonaro obtained his BS and MS degrees in Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology from the University of Verona (Italy). Then, he obtained his PhD in Molecular, Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology at University of Verona in 2016. Currently, he is working as Post-Doc in Prof. Giovanni Vallini’s group of Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology at University of Verona. His research is mainly focused on the study of the interactions between microorganisms and the metalloids Selenium and Tellurium, the production of nanomaterials through biological synthesis and the applications of these nanomaterials as antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents.
Dr. Silvia Lampis got her PhD in 'Molecular, Environmental and Industrial Biotechnology' with a thesis entitled 'New insights in bacterial selenium transformation' in 2006 at University of Verona (Italy). From November 2007 she got a permanent position as Assistant Professor in General Microbiology, BIO19, at the Department of Biotechnology at Verona University. She has a scientific expertise on environmental microbiology with a special interest on microbial interactions with metals in terrestrial ecosystems and relative applications. She is author and co-author of many scientific works published in internationally scientific journals focused mainly on the bacterial transformation of metals and metalloids and toxic organic compounds. The scientific interest ranges from bacteria involved in selenium and tellurium cycle to all metal resistant microorganisms; the study of bacteria isolated from industrial site with ability to degrade aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons; the study of bacterial community involved in water treatment processes.
Prof. Giovanni Vallini graduate magna cum laude in Agricultural Sciences at University of Pisa (Italy) and he spent the first part of his scientific career at the Soil Microbiology Center - Italian National Research Council (CNR) in Pisa. He is currently chair professor of General Microbiology and head of the Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology group at the Department of Biotechnology of the University of Verona (Italy), where he was formerly even appointed as Head of the Department. In the last twenty years, Prof. Vallini has carried out studies on the microbial biodegradation of xenobiotic organic compounds in soils and waters, in the frame of activities dealing with the development of bioremediation strategies for the clean-up of contaminated sites. His interest also has focused on how interactions between plants and rhizosphere microorganisms can affect phytoextraction mechanisms of heavy metals and metalloids, with special reference to Lead, Selenium and Arsenic. Starting from this specific investigation on microbial strains capable of transforming chemical forms of metals and metalloids, Prof. Vallini attention has then moved to the exploitation of bacterial species for the synthesis of elemental nanomaterials with special antimicrobial capabilities and contrast activity towards biofilm formation in medical, industrial and environmental fields. Prof. Vallini can list more than 130 papers published in scientific journals and contributions in monographies together with science divulgation articles.
Prof. Raymond J. Turner Turner joined the University of Calgary in 1998 in the Department of Biological Sciences and is presently a Professor of Biochemistry an d Microbiology (full professor since 2006). He has held the post of Associate Department Head and Graduate program director from 2013 – 2016. He has also been chair of various research cluster units over the past 10 years. He is presently funded by grants from Canadian granting councils of NSERC and CIHR, as well as industry partners. He has received excellence in research and excellence in graduate student supervision awards. Research interests are multi-disciplinary from bioinorganic and environmental chemistry of chalcogen metals, metal toxicity mechanisms towards bacteria, microbiology of metal nanoparticles, bacteria growing as biofilm, membrane protein structural biology, multidrug resistance, molecular microbiology of protein transporters and translocators and photochemistry of novel fluorophores.
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