Abstract
Extensional mixing elements (EMEs) that impose extension-dominated flow via stationary single-plane or double-plane hyperbolic converging-diverging channels were previously designed for twin-screw and single-screw extruders (TSE and SSE, respectively). In a recently published work by the authors, reactive extrusion was performed on PS/PA6 polymer blends TSE using EMEs and a crystalline phase transition of the minor phase in these droplets was observed as the size of droplet decreases from micron to submicron. Herein, we expand upon this work to SSE and study: a) The ability of the EMEs to improve dispersive mixing in the same blends; b) Assess the possibility of achieving the same crystalline phase transition in SSEs. The final blends were characterized by DSC, rheologically and morphologically via SEM, and the results show that while EME-based SSE leads to much improved mixing, better than non-EME TSE, the reduction in size of the PA6 disperse phase is not enough to induce the phase transition observed in EME-based TSE.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: None declared.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
1. Chiang, W., Yang, W., Pukánszky, B. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1992, 32, 641–648; https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760321002.Search in Google Scholar
2. Katoh, Y., Okamoto, M. Polymer 2009, 50, 4718–4726; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2009.07.019.Search in Google Scholar
3. Coleman, J. N., Khan, U., Blau, W. J., Gun’ko, Y. K. Carbon 2006, 44, 1624–1652; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2006.02.038.Search in Google Scholar
4. Meng, Q., Hu, J. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 2009, 40, 1661–1672; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2009.08.011.Search in Google Scholar
5. Subramanian, P. M., Mehra, V. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1987, 27, 663–668; https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760270910.Search in Google Scholar
6. Liu, T. X., Liu, Z. H., Ma, K. X., Shen, L., Zeng, K. Y., He, C. B. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2003, 63, 331–337; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00226-9.Search in Google Scholar
7. Filippone, G., Dintcheva, N. T., La Mantia, F. P., Acierno, D. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2010, 48, 600–609; https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.21928.Search in Google Scholar
8. Crosby, A. J., Lee, J. Y. Polym. Rev. 2007, 47, 217–229; https://doi.org/10.1080/15583720701271278.Search in Google Scholar
9. Santana, R. M. C., Manrich, S. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, 87, 747–751; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.11404.Search in Google Scholar
10. Koning, C., Van Duin, M., Pagnoulle, C., Jerome, R. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1998, 23, 707–757; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6700(97)00054-3.Search in Google Scholar
11. El-Sabbagh, S. H. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003, 90, 1–11; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.12345.Search in Google Scholar
12. Porter, R. S., Wang, L. H. Polymer 1992, 33, 2019–2030; https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(92)90866-U.Search in Google Scholar
13. Beniska, J., Sain, M. M., Hudec, I. Am. Chem. Soc. Polym. Prepr. Div. Polym. Chem. 1987, 28, 379–380.Search in Google Scholar
14. Rim, P. B., Runt, J. P. Macromolecules 1984, 17, 1520–1526; https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00138a017.Search in Google Scholar
15. Xanthos, M., Dagli, S. S. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1991, 31, 929–935; https://eprints.aston.ac.uk/9684/.10.1002/pen.760311302Search in Google Scholar
16. Pandey, V., Maia, J. M. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2021, 138, 49716; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.49716.https://doi.org/10.1002/app.49716Search in Google Scholar
17. Pandey, V., Chen, H., Ma, J., Maia, J. M. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2021, 138, 49765; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.49765.https://doi.org/10.1002/app.49765Search in Google Scholar
18. Pandey, V., Maia, J. M. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2020, 60, 2390–2402; https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.25478.10.1002/pen.25478Search in Google Scholar
19. Chen, H., Zhu, S., Maia, J. M. Polym. Eng. Sci. 2020, 5, 1019–1028; https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.25357.Search in Google Scholar
20. Chen, H., Pandey, V., Carson, S., Maia, J. M. Inter. polym. proc. 2020, 35, 37–49; https://doi.org/10.3139/217.3857.Search in Google Scholar
21. Carson, S. O., Covas, J. A., Maia, J. M. Adv. Polym. Technol. 2017, 36, 455–465; https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.21627.Search in Google Scholar
22. Carson, S. O., Maia, J. M., Covas, J. A. Adv. Polym. Technol. 2018, 37, 167–175; https://doi.org/10.1002/adv.21653.Search in Google Scholar
23. Vojdani, M., Giti, R., Dent, J. J. Dent. 2015, 16, 1–9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26106628%0A, https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4476124.Search in Google Scholar
24. Xiang, F., Wu, J., Liu, L., Huang, T., Wang, Y., Chen, C., Peng, Y., Jiang, C., Zhou, Z. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2011, 22, 2533–2542; https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.1796.Search in Google Scholar
25. Lau, W. J., Gray, S., Matsuura, T., Emadzadeh, D., Paul, J., Ismail, A. F. Water Res. 2015, 80, 306–324; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.04.037.Search in Google Scholar
26. Chow, W. S., Mohd Ishak, Z. A. Express Polym. Lett. 2015, 9, 211–232; https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2015.22.Search in Google Scholar
27. Wahit, M. U., Hassan, A., Rahmat, A. R., Lim, J. W., Ishak, Z. A. M. J. Reinforc. Plast. Compos. 2006, 25, 933–955; https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684406063529.Search in Google Scholar
28. Aparna, S., Purnima, D., Adusumalli, R. B. Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng. 2017, 56, 617–634; https://doi.org/10.1080/03602559.2016.1233280.Search in Google Scholar
29. Pillon, L. Z., Utracki, L. A. Polym. Eng. Sci. 1984, 24, 1300–1305; https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.760241706.Search in Google Scholar
30. Utracki, L. A. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 2002, 80, 1008–1016; https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450800601.Search in Google Scholar
31. Liu, X., Wu, Q., Berglund, L. A. Polymer 2002, 43, 4967–4972; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00331-2.Search in Google Scholar
32. Pepin, J., Miri, V., Lefebvre, J. M. Macromolecules 2016, 49, 564–573; https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01701.Search in Google Scholar
33. Dasgupta, S., Hammond, W. B., Goddard, W. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 12291–12301; https://doi.org/10.1021/ja944125d.Search in Google Scholar
34. Vasanthan, N., Murthy, N. S., Bray, R. G. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 8433–8435; https://doi.org/10.1021/ma980935o.Search in Google Scholar
35. Liu, X., Wu, Q. Polymer 2002, 43, 1933–1936; https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00759-5.Search in Google Scholar
36. Khanna, Y. P. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 3298–3300; https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00038a043.Search in Google Scholar
37. Ho, J. C., Wei, K. H. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 5181–5186; https://doi.org/10.1021/ma991702f.Search in Google Scholar
38. Feldman, A. Y., Wachtel, E. G., Vaughan, B. M., Weinberg, A., Marom, G. Macromolecules 2006, 39, 4455–4459; https://doi.org/10.1021/ma060487h.Search in Google Scholar
39. Biangardi, H. J. J. Macromol. Sci. Part B. 1990, 29, 139–153; https://doi.org/10.1080/00222349008245770.Search in Google Scholar
40. Murthy, N. S., Curran, S. A., Aharoni, S. M., Minor, H. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 3215–3220; https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00011a027.Search in Google Scholar
41. Ramesh, C., Keller, A., Eltink, S. J. E. A. Polymer 1994, 35, 5300–5308; https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(94)90483-9.Search in Google Scholar
42. Dong, L., Xiong, C., Wang, T., Liu, D., Lu, S., Wang, Y. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 94, 432–439; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20724.Search in Google Scholar
43. Tseng, F. P., Tseng, C. R., Chang, F. C., Lin, J. J., Cheng, I. J. J. Polym. Res. 2005, 12, 439–447; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-004-1875-x.Search in Google Scholar
44. Jamali, S., Paiva, M. C., Covas, J. A. Polym. Test. 2013, 32, 701–707; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.03.005.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston