Abstract
The high elder care death toll of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, pushed the federally mandated Long-Term Care Ombudsman Program (LTCOP) into the unsought and unforeseen realm of disaster preparedness. This new role was an extension of the LTCOP’s historic resident’s rights investigative case advocacy. To assess if, how, and to what extent local ombudsmen adapted to this new function, 102 local LTCOP leaders completed a telephone survey based on the CMS Emergency Planning Checklist. This assessed their own and their programs’: (a) readiness to help facilities reduce disaster threats to residents, (b) familiarity with relevant disaster laws, rules, and resources; (c) readiness to help residents through the disaster cycle; and (d) levels of disaster training and/or their plans to provide such training to their staff and LTC stakeholders. Forty-two respondents (41.13%) had experienced a public disaster but over half or those responding (n = 56, 54.90%) felt fairly to somewhat prepared to help in a public crisis. After being ready to work away from their office during a crisis (
Funding source: Borchard Foundation Center on Law and Aging
Funding: This research was partially funded by a grant from the Borchard Foundation Center on Law and Aging. https://borchardcla.org/academic-research-grant-program/current-and-past-recipients.
Competing interests: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest concerning the research, authorship, and or publication of this article.
References
Administration on Aging’s Office of the Long-Term Care Ombudsman Programs. 2015. Emergency Preparedness and Response: Model Policies and Procedures for State Long-Term Care Ombudsman Programs. https://ltcombudsman.org/uploads/files/issues/EmResponse_ModelPPLTCO-11-23-15_Final.pdf (accessed January 28, 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Allen, P. D. and H. W. Nelson. 2009. “Disaster Services With Frail Older Persons: From Preparation to Recovery.” In Lifespan Perspectives on Natural Disasters: Coping with Katrina, Rita, and other storms, edited by K. E. Cherry, 153–69. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0393-8_8.Search in Google Scholar
Ashida, S., X. Zhu, E. L. Robinson, and A. Schroer. 2018. “Disaster Preparedness Networks in Rural Midwest Communities: Organizational Roles, Collaborations, and Support for Older Residents.” Journal of Gerontological Social Work 61 (7): 735–50, https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2018.1474157 (accessed February 25, 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Berish, D. E., J. Bornstein, and J. R. Bowblis. 2019. “The Impact of Long-Term Care Ombudsman Presence on Nursing Home Survey Deficiencies.” Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 20 (10): 1325–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.02.006.Search in Google Scholar
Brown, L. M., M. L. Bruce, K. Hyer, W. L. Mills, E. Vongxaiburana, and L. Polivka-West. 2009. “A Pilot Study Evaluating the Feasibility of Psychological First Aid for Nursing Home Residents.” Clinical Gerontologist 32 (3): 293–308, https://doi.org/10.1080/07317110902895317, https://proxy-tu.researchport.umd.edu/login?ins=tu&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=105544857&site=eds-live&scope=site (accessed May 28, 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Brown, D. 2019. Feds Keep the Heat on Nursing Homes’ Emergency Prep Training. USA: McKnight’s Long-Term Care News. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsnbk&AN=17636E00DF062380&site=eds-live&scope=site (accessed September 26).Search in Google Scholar
Brown, L., J. Christensen, A. Ialynytchev, T. Kali, K. Frahm, K. Hyer, 2015. Experiences of Assisted Living Facility Staff in Evacuating and Sheltering Residents During Hurricanes. Current Psychology 343, 506–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9361-7.Search in Google Scholar
Brunkard, J., G. Namulanda, and R. Ratard. 2008. “Hurricane Katrina Deaths, Louisiana, 2005.” Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 2 (4): 215–23, https://doi.org/10.1097/DMP.0b013e31818aaf55.Search in Google Scholar
Cacchione, P. Z., L. M. Willoughby, J. C. Langan, and K. Culp. 2011. “Disaster Strikes! Long-Term Care Resident Outcomes Following a Natural Disaster.” Journal Of Gerontological Nursing 37 (9): 16–24, https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20110512-01.Search in Google Scholar
Canton, L. G. 2007. Emergency Management : Concepts and Strategies for Effective Programs. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Interscience.10.1002/0470119764Search in Google Scholar
Case, J. 2001. Ombudsman Home Emergency Kit. New York: National Long-Term Care Ombudsman Resource Center. https://ltcombudsman.org/uploads/files/issues/Emergency-Materials-Kit.pdf (accessed February 13, 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Castle, N. G. and J. B. Engberg. 2011. “The Health Consequences of Relocation for Nursing Home Residents Following Hurricane Katrina.” Research on Aging 33 (6): 661–87, https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027511412197.Search in Google Scholar
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2007a. Emergency Planning Checklist Recommended for Persons in Long-Term Care Facilities and Their Family Members, Friends, Personal, Caregivers, Guardians & Long-Term Care Ombudsmen. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Provider-Enrollment-and-Certification/SurveyCertEmergPrep/Downloads/SandC_EPChecklist_Persons_LTCFacilities_Ombudsmen.pdf (accessed January 21, 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2007b. Ombudsman LTC Facility Resident Evacuation Checklist. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Provider-Enrollment-and-Certification/SurveyCertEmergPrep/Downloads/SandC_EPChecklist_Persons_LTCFacilities_Ombudsmen.pdf (accessed February 12, 2020).Search in Google Scholar
Chinoy, S.. 2018. The Places in the United States Where Disaster Strikes Again and Again. USA: New York Times. https://proxy-tu.researchport.umd.edu/login?ins=tu&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f5h&AN=129802858&site=eds-live&scope=site (accessed May 27, 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Department of Homeland Security. 2008. National Response Framework. https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/NRP_brochure.pdf (accessed February 12).Search in Google Scholar
Department of Homeland Security. 2012. Plan and Prepare for Disasters. https://www.dhs.gov/plan-and-prepare-disasters (accessed August 15, 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Dosa, D. M., K. Hyer, L. M. Brown, A. W. Artenstein, L. Polivka-West, and V. Mor. 2008. “Controversies in Long-Term Care: The Controversy Inherent in Managing Frail Nursing Home Residents During Complex Hurricane Emergencies.” Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 9 (8): 599–604, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2008.05.007.Search in Google Scholar
Dosa, D. M., Z. Feng, K. Hyer, L. M. Brown, K. Thomas, and V. Mor. 2010. “Effects of Hurricane Katrina on Nursing Facility Resident Mortality, Hospitalization, and Functional Decline.” Disaster Medicine And Public Health Preparedness 4 (S1): S28–32, https://doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2010.11.Search in Google Scholar
Henderson, T. L., K. A. Roberto, and Y. Kamo. 2010. “Older Adults Responses to Hurricane Katrina: Daily Hassles and Coping Strategies.” Journal of Applied Gerontology 29 (1): 48–69, https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464809334287.Search in Google Scholar
Hollister, B. A. and C. L. Estes. 2013. “Local Long-Term Care Ombudsman Program Effectiveness and the Measurement of Program Resources.” Journal of Applied Gerontology 32 (6): 708–28, https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464811434144.Search in Google Scholar
Huber, R., K. Borders, F. E. Netting, and H. W. Nelson. 2001. “Data from Long-Term Care Ombudsman Programs in Six States: The Implications of Collecting Resident Demographics.” The Gerontologist 41 (1): 61–68, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.1.61.Search in Google Scholar
Laditka, S. B., J. N. Laditka, S. Xirasagar, C. B. Cornman, C. B. Davis, and J. V. E. Richter. 2008. “Providing Shelter to Nursing Home Evacuees in Disasters: Lessons Learned from Hurricane Katrina.” American Journal of Public Health 98 (7): 1288–93, 6p. 3 Charts, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.107748.Search in Google Scholar
Lane, S. J. and E. McGrady. 2017. “Measures of Emergency Preparedness Contributing to Nursing Home Resilience.” Journal of Gerontological Social Work 61 (7): 751–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2017.1416720.Search in Google Scholar
McSweeney Feld, M. H., H. W. Nelson, W. Whitner, and C. Y. Engineer. 2017. “Emergency Preparedness Content in Health Care Administration Programs: A Decade Later.” Journal of Health Administration Education 34 (1): 85–102. https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/aupha/jhae/2017/00000034/00000001/art00006.Search in Google Scholar
Moore, A. 2004. “Preparedness Issues of Populations With Special Needs.” In Terrorism and Disaster Management, edited by K. Joanne McGlown, 127–141. Chicago: ACHE Management Series.Search in Google Scholar
National Long-Term Care Ombudsman Resource Center, (NORC). 2017. Long-term Care Ombudsman Program Training Standards Report of Workgroup Meetings and Proposals for Standards. Washington D.C.: The National Consumer Voice.Search in Google Scholar
National Long-Term Care Ombudsman Resource Center. 2013. Emergency Preparedness and LTC Ombudsmen. Washington D.C.: The National Consumer Voice for Quality Long-Term Care. https://ltcombudsman.org/uploads/files/issues/final-paper-no-appendices.pdf (accessed February 23).Search in Google Scholar
Nelson, H. W., R. Huber, and K. L. Walter. 1995. “The Relationship between Volunteer Long-Term Care Ombudsmen and Regulatory Nursing Home Actions.” Gerontologist 35 (4): 509–14, https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/35.4.509.Search in Google Scholar
Nelson, H. W., F. E. Netting, R. Huber, and K. Borders. 2001a. “The Social Worker-Ombudsman Partnership: Using a Resident-Centered Model of Situational Conflict Tactics.” Journal of Gerontological Social Work 35 (3): 65–82. https://doi.org/10.1300/J083v35n03_06.Search in Google Scholar
Nelson, H. W., F. E. Netting, R. Huber, and K. Borders. 2001b. “Training Nursing Home Residents’ Rights Case Advocates Effective Conflict Skills.” Gerontology and Geriatric Education 22 (2): 29–42, https://doi.org/10.1300/j021v22n02_03.Search in Google Scholar
Nelson, H. W., F. E. Netting, R. Huber, and K. Borders. 2003. “External Grievances Against Volunteer Advocates: Expecting, Investigating, and Managing Complaints.” Journal of Volunteer Administration 21 (4) 10–16.Search in Google Scholar
Nelson, H. W., F. E. Netting, R. Huber, and K. Borders. 2004. “Factors Effecting Volunteer Ombudsman Effort and Service Duration: Comparing Active and Resigned Volunteers.” Journal of Applied Gerontology 23 (3): 309–23, https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464804267581.Search in Google Scholar
Nelson, H. W., P. D. Allen, and D. Cox. 2005. “Rights-Based Advocacy in Long-Term Care: Geriatric Nursing and Long-Term-Care Ombudsmen.” Clinical Gerontologist 28 (4): 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1300/j018v28n04_01.Search in Google Scholar
Nelson, H. W., D. Agley, F. E. Netting, K. Borders, and R. Huber. 2013. “State Long-Term Care Ombudsmen’s Perceptions of Their Program’s Disaster Preparedness Roles and Readiness.” Journal of Applied Gerontology 32 (8): 952–74, https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464812446865.Search in Google Scholar
Nelson, H. W. 1995. “Long-Term Care Volunteer Roles on Trial: Ombudsman Effectiveness Revisited.” Journal of Gerontological Social Work 23 (3–4): 25–46, https://doi.org/10.1300/j083v23n03_03.Search in Google Scholar
Nelson, H. W. 2000. “Injustice and Conflict in Nursing Homes: Toward Advocacy and Exchange.” Journal of Aging Studies 14 (1): 39–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0890-4065(00)80015-8.Search in Google Scholar
Nelson, H. W. 2002. “Best Training and Certification Practices for Long-Term Care Ombudsmen Volunteers.” In The Long-Term Care Ombudsman Program: Rethinking and Retooling for the Future Proceedings and Recommendations. Funded by the Helen Bader Foundation. Washington D.C.: National Association of State Long-Term care Ombudsman Programs.Search in Google Scholar
Netting, F.E., H.W. Nelson, 2020. Managing Disaster Preparation amid Conflicts of Interest: A Teaching/Learning Case Study. Human Service Organizations: Management, Leadership & Governance 442, 187–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2019.1707733.Search in Google Scholar
Office of the Inspector General. 2012. “Gaps Continue to Eexist in Nursing Home Emergency Preparedness and Response During Disasters: 2007-2010.” (OEI—06-09-00270). Washington D.C: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.Search in Google Scholar
Older Americans Act of 1978, 42 U.S.C. §3058g (Public Law 106-501).Search in Google Scholar
Pierce, J R., S. K. Morley, T. A West, P. Pentecost, L. A. Upton, and L. Banks. 2017. “Improving Long-Term Care Facility Disaster Preparedness and Response: A Literature Review.” Disaster Medicine And Public Health Preparedness 11 (1): 140–49, https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.59.Search in Google Scholar
Quarantelli, E.L., E.G. Kenneth, 1983. Emergent Citizen Groups in Disaster Preparedness and Recovery Activities : An Interim Report. Miscellaneous Report / Disaster Research Center, Ohio State University: #33. Disaster Research Center, Ohio State University. https://search.ebscohost.com.proxy-tu.researchport.umd.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat01451a&AN=towson.001602517&site=eds-live&scope=site.Search in Google Scholar
Reisner, N., and S. Fink. 2017. Nursing Homes Deaths in Florida Heighten Scrutiny of Disaster Planning. New York: New York Times. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/14/us/nursing-home-deaths-irma.html.Search in Google Scholar
Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities Lacking Access to Advocates. 2019. Office for Aging Facing Drop in Ombudsman Volunteers. States News Service. Available at: https://search.ebscohost.com.proxy-tu.researchport.umd.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgbc&AN=edsgcl.601613698&site=eds-live&scope=site.Search in Google Scholar
Senior Housing Solutions. 2017. The National Long-Term Care Ombudsman Resource Center. https://seniorhousingsolutions.net/the-national-long-term-care-ombudsman-resource-center (accessed August 21, 2017).Search in Google Scholar
Shih, R. A, J. D Acosta, E. K Chen, E. G Carbone, L. Xenakis, D. M. Adamson, and A. Chandra. 2018. “Improving Disaster Resilience Among Older Adults: Insights from Public Health Departments and Aging-in-Place Efforts.” Rand Health Quarterly 8 (1): 3. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=30083424&site=eds-live&scope=site.10.7249/RR2313Search in Google Scholar
Smetanka, L. and B. Laubert. 2018. Emergency Preparedness: When is it Enough?. USA: Aging Today. American Society on Aging. https://asaging.org/blog/emergency-preparedness-when-it-enough (accessed February 25, 2019).Search in Google Scholar
Tierney, K. J., M. K. Lindell, and R. W. Perry. 2001. Facing the Unexpected: Disaster Preparedness and Response in the United States. Natural Hazards and Disasters. USA: Joseph Henry Press. Also available at: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cat01451a&AN=towson.002624321&site=eds-live&scope=site.Search in Google Scholar
Willoughby, M., C. Kipsaina, N. Ferrah, S. Blau, L. Bugeja, D. Ranson, and J. E. Ibrahim. 2017. “Mortality in Nursing Homes Following Emergency Evacuation: A Systematic Review.” Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 18 (8): 664–70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2017.02.005.Search in Google Scholar
© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston