Abstract
The present study investigated the phytochemicals and antidiabetic effect of the aqueous extract of the fruit of Punica granatum Linn. in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. The fruit of P. granatum was extracted with water. The phytochemicals of the water extract were investigated by the liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. The water extract of P. granatum at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight (bw) was administered to mice for 21 days, and blood glucose level, triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme were estimated. Analyzed phytochemicals showed the fruit of P. granatum Linn has a high amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which provide beneficial effect for this plant. The oral administration of the fruit extract of P. granatum at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg bw for 21 days significantly reduced blood glucose level, triglycerides, serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, AST and ALT enzyme. Our results suggested that the fruit extract of P. granatum has strong antidiabetic effect in STZ-induced diabetic mice. The fruit of this plant might be a potential source of drug for treatment of diabetes.
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: This work was supported by Asia Research Center, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, grant number CA.18.10A.
Competing interests: The authors state no potential conflict of interest.
Ethical approval: The research related to animal use has complied with all the relevant national regulations and institutional policies (2016) for the care and use of animals. (582-Nr.: 25/8).
References
[1] Association AD. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2014;37(Suppl. 1):S81–90.10.2337/dc14-S081Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[2] Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ. Oral antidiabetic agents. Drugs 2005;65:385–411.10.2165/00003495-200565030-00005Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[3] Shapiro K, Gong WC. Natural products used for diabetes. J Am Pharm Assoc 2002;42:217–26.10.1331/108658002763508515Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[4] Ismail T, Sestili P, Akhtar S. Pomegranate peel and fruit extracts: a review of potential anti-inflammatory and anti-infective effects. J Ethnopharmacol 2012;143:397–405.10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[5] Bell C, Hawthorne S. Ellagic acid, pomegranate and prostate cancer – a mini review. J Pharm Pharmacol 2008;60:139–44.10.1211/jpp.60.2.0001Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[6] Prakash CV, Prakash I. Bioactive chemical constituents from pomegranate (Punica granatum) juice, seed and peel – a review. Int J Res Chem Environ 2011;1:1–18.Search in Google Scholar
[7] Fischer UA, Carle R, Kammerer DR. Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel, mesocarp, aril and differently produced juices by HPLC-DAD–ESI/MSn. Food Chem 2011;127:807–21.10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.12.156Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[8] Brighenti V, Groothuis SF, Prencipe FP, Amir R, Benvenuti S, Pellati F. Metabolite fingerprinting of Punica granatum L.(pomegranate) polyphenols by means of high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry detection. J Chromatograp A 2017;1480:20–31.10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.017Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[9] Saravanan P, Chandramohan G, Mariajancyrani J, Shanmugasundaram P. GC-MS analysis of phytochemical constituents in ethanolic bark extract of Ficus religiosa Linn. Int J Pharm Sci 2014;6:457–60.Search in Google Scholar
[10] Zahin M, Aqil F, Ahmad I. Broad spectrum antimutagenic activity of antioxidant active fraction of Punica granatum L. peel extracts. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2010;703:99–107.10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.08.001Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[11] Russo M, Fanali C, Tripodo G, Dugo P, Muleo R, Dugo L, et al. Analysis of phenolic compounds in different parts of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit by HPLC-PDA-ESI/MS and evaluation of their antioxidant activity: application to different Italian varieties. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018;410:3507–20.10.1007/s00216-018-0854-8Search in Google Scholar PubMed
[12] Khan I, Rahman H, Abd El-Salam NM, Tawab A, Hussain A, Khan TA, et al. Punica granatum peel extracts: HPLC fractionation and LC MS analysis to quest compounds having activity against multidrug resistant bacteria. BMC Complement Altern Med 2017;17:247.10.1186/s12906-017-1766-4Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
[13] Furman BL. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic models in mice and rats. Curr Protoc Pharmacol 2015;70:5.47.1–5.47.20.10.1002/0471141755.ph0547s70Search in Google Scholar
[14] Bansal P, Paul P, Mudgal J, Nayak PG, Pannakal ST, Priyadarsini KI, et al. Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of the flavonoid rich fraction of Pilea microphylla (L.) in high fat diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice. Exp Toxicol Pathol 2012;64:651–8.10.1016/j.etp.2010.12.009Search in Google Scholar
[15] Jain V, Viswanatha GL, Manohar D, Shivaprasad HN. Isolation of antidiabetic principle from fruit rinds of Punica granatum. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012;2012:147202.10.1155/2012/147202Search in Google Scholar
[16] Ankita P, Deepti B, Nilam M. Flavonoid rich fraction of Punica granatum improves early diabetic nephropathy by ameliorating proteinuria and disturbed glucose homeostasis in experimental animals. Pharm Biol 2015;53:61–71.10.3109/13880209.2014.910533Search in Google Scholar
[17] Althunibat OY, Al-Mustafa AH, Tarawneh KA, Khleifat KM, Ridzwan BH, Qaralleh H. Protective role of Punica granatum L. peel extract against oxidative damage in experimental diabetic rats. Process Biochem 2010;45:581–5.10.1016/j.procbio.2009.12.004Search in Google Scholar
[18] Bhaskar A, Kumar A. Antihyperglycemic, antioxidant and hypolipidemic effect of Punica granatum L flower extract in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2012;2:S1764–9.10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60491-2Search in Google Scholar
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
