ABSTRACT
4.1 INTRODUCTION
CO2 conversion can be achieved by chemical methods [1–8], by photocatalytic and electrocatalytic reduction [9–17], and by a few other means [18–20]. However, at the present time, several disadvantages are associated with the practical application of these approaches, including (1) the high costs of CO2 capture, separation, purification, and transportation to user sites; (2) the high energy requirements for CO2 chemical/electrochemical conversion; (3) limitations in market size and investment incentives; (4) lack of industrial commitment to enhance CO2-based chemicals; and (5) insufficient socioeconomic driving forces [21]. Despite such challenges, CO2 capture, conversion, and utilization is still recognized as a feasible and promising cutting-edge area of exploration in energy and environmental research.
