ABSTRACT
Globally, fossil-fuel dependence resulted in considerable environmental problems, which include global warming, air quality deterioration, oil spills, and acid rain, among others. The combustion of fuel emits carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the most signicant greenhouse gases (GHGs) that trap heat in the earth’s atmosphere. The level of atmospheric CO2 concentration was reported to be around 350-380 ppm in 2010 and is predicted to increase to 450 ppm by 2020 if no action is taken (Kraan 2013). The heightened awareness of global warming as well as other environmental issues has increased interest in the development of methods to mitigate GHG emissions and lessen the production of pollutants. One of these abatement methods is the use of biofuels made from renewable sources of energy (Jang et al. 2012; Meinita et al. 2011).
