ABSTRACT
Insulin is the fi rst clinical choice for diabetes with rapid and precise clinical effect. The subcutaneous route has been the preferred method of insulin delivery until now (Khafagy et al. 2007). Although this parenteral route has been satisfactory in terms of effi cacy in majority, it results in stimulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation, peripheral hyperinsulinemia, and incorporation of glucose into the lipid of arterial walls which might be the causative factor in diabetic micro-and macroangiopathy (Gwinup et al. 1990). Moreover, the burden of daily injections, physiological stress, pain, and inconvenience as well as high cost remains problems (Kennedy 1991).
