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LTR retrotransposons in plants

  • Published:
Russian Journal of Genetics: Applied Research

Abstract

Ty1/copia and Ty3/gypsy LTR retrotransposons represent a significant part of plant genomes and play an important role in their structure, functioning, and evolution. The majority of information about this group of transposable elements is related to agricultural plant species and model objects, such as Arabidopsis thaliana. The most investigated groups of LTR retrotransposons are those present in angiosperms, including the Ty1/copia (Sire, Oryco, Retrofit, and Tork families) and Ty3/gypsy (CRM, Galadriel, Reina, Del, REM, Athila, and Tat) superfamilies. The genomes of gymnosperms can include both common (CRM, Galadriel, Reina, and Del), and specific Ty3/gypsy (PpRT1, IFG7, PtGypsyX1, PGGYPSYX1) and Ty1/copia (TPE1, Tpa, PtCopiaX1, PGCOPIAX1, and Tgb) LTR retrotransposons. There is little information about the diversity and distribution of LTR retrotransposons in nonseed plants (mosses, ferns, etc.). Fern genomes contain some Ty3/gypsy retroelements, closely related to the CRM family, as well as some specific retroelements from the Galahad and Mordred families. Club-moss genomes contain Ty3/gypsy elements from the Tcn1 family, originally described only in fungal genomes, and from the Galahad and Mordred families. Retroelements, described in moss genomes, belong to the Galahad and Tcn1 families. Ty1/copia retroelements have been revealed in the genomes of certain nonseed plants, but they have not been described in detail, and the question of their belonging to any phylogenetic group of LTR retrotransposons still remains unclear. There are no data on the diversity of LTR retrotransposons in the genomes of green algae and charophytes, except for information about the REM (Ty3/gypsy) element from the genome of green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the Osser (Ty1/copia) element from the genome of colonial green alga Volvox carteri.

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Original Russian Text © I.D. Sormacheva, A.G. Blinov, 2011, published in Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii, 2011, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 351–381.

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Sormacheva, I.D., Blinov, A.G. LTR retrotransposons in plants. Russ J Genet Appl Res 1, 540–564 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079059711060098

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