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Catalytic and Signaling Role of Peroxiredoxins in Carcinogenesis

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Abstract

Cancer cells experience strong oxidative stress caused by disorders in cell metabolism and action of external factors. For survival, cancer cells have developed a highly efficient system of antioxidant defense, some of the most important elements of which are peroxiredoxins (Prxs). Prxs are an evolutionarily ancient family of selenium-independent peroxidases that reduce a wide range of organic and inorganic hydroperoxides in the cell and the extracellular space. In addition, some Prxs exhibit chaperone and phospholipase activities. Prxs play an important role in the maintenance of the cell redox homeostasis; they prevent oxidation and aggregation of regulatory proteins, thereby affecting many cell signaling pathways. Prxs are involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Due to their versatility and wide representation in all tissues and organs, Prxs participate in the development/suppression of many pathological conditions, among which cancer occupies a special place. This review focuses on the role of Prxs in the development of various forms of cancer. Understanding molecular mechanisms of Prx involvement in these processes will allow to develop new approaches to the prevention and treatment of cancer.

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Abbreviations

Akt:

serine/threonine protein kinase B (RAC–alpha serine/threonine protein kinase, protein kinase B alpha)

α–ER:

α estrogen receptor

AP–1:

activator protein 1 (transcription factor consisting of Fos and Jun proteins)

APE1/Ref–1:

apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease 1/redox factor 1

AR:

androgen receptor

ASK1:

apoptosis signal–regulating kinase 1

ATF/CREB:

activating transcription factor/cAMP–response element–binding protein

ATM:

ataxia telangiectasia mutated (serine protein kinase)

Bcl–2:

B–cell lymphoma 2 (apoptosis regulator)

C/EBPβ:

CCAAT/enhancer–binding protein β (transcription fac–tor)

c–Abl:

tyrosine protein kinase

c–Myc:

myelocytomatosis cancers (transcription factor)

COX–2:

cyclooxygenase 2

DEP–1:

density–enhanced phosphatase 1 (tyrosine phosphatase)

DHT:

dihydrotestosterone

DTT:

dithiothreitol

EGFR:

epidermal growth factor receptor

ER:

endoplasmic reticulum

ERK:

K–Ras/extracellular signal–regulated kinase

Ets1:

E26 transformation–specific–1 (transcription factor)

FLT3 ITD:

Fms–related tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication

Fos:

transcription factors c–Fos, FosB, FosL1, and FosL2

FOXO3A:

forkhead box protein O3A (transcription factor)

FOXOM1:

forkhead box protein M1 (transcription factor)

Grx:

glutaredoxin

GSH:

glutathione

HIF–1α:

hypoxia inducible factor 1

HMGB1:

high–mobility group protein B1, amphoterin

HRE:

HIF–responsive element

IP3R:

inositol trisphosphate receptor

JNK:

cJun N–terminal protein kinase

Jun:

transcription factors c–Jun, JunB, and JunD

KEAP1:

Kelch–like ECH–associated protein (NRF2 inhibitor)

Kv7:

voltage–gated K+ channel

LRRK2:

leucine–rich repeat kinase 2

MAPK:

mitogen–activated protein kinase

MKP:

MAPK phosphatase

MMP:

matrix metalloproteinase

MST1:

mammalian STE20–like kinase 1

mTOR:

mammalian target of rapamycin

MyD88:

protein encoded by the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88

NF–κB:

nuclear factor kappa–light–chain–enhancer of activated B cells (transcription factor)

NRF2:

nuclear factor (erythroid–derived 2)–like 2 (transcription factor)

p38:

mitogen–activated protein kinase of p38 family (α, β, γ, δ)

p53:

transcription factor p53

p66Shc:

SHC1

p70S6K:

serine/threonine protein kinase (ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta–1)

PDGF:

platelet–derived growth factor

PDGFR:

platelet–derived growth factor receptor

PDI:

protein disulfide isomerase

πGST:

glutathione S–transferase π

PKC:

protein kinase C

PKG:

protein kinase G

Prx1–6:

peroxiredoxins 1–6

PS2:

presenilin

PTEN:

phosphatase and tensin homolog

RhoC:

Ras homolog gene family

RNS:

reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

reactive oxygen species

RyR1:

ryanodine receptor 1

SESN:

sestrin

SHP2:

Src homology 2 domain–containing phosphatase 2

shRNA:

short hairpin RNA

siRNA:

small interfering RNA

Srx:

sulfiredoxin

STAT3:

signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (transcription factor)

TCPTP:

T–cell protein tyrosine phosphatase

TGF–β1:

transforming growth factor β1

TIMP2:

tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases 2

TLR:

Toll–like receptor

TNFα:

tumor necrosis factor α

TRAIL:

TNF–related apoptosis–inducing ligand

Trx:

thioredoxin

TrxR:

thioredoxin reductase

UCP1:

thermogenin

uPAR:

urokinase–type plasminogen activator receptor

VEGF:

vascular endothelial growth factor

VEGFR:

vascular endothelial growth factor receptor

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    M. G. Sharapov & V. I. Novoselov

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Russian Text © M. G. Sharapov, V. I. Novoselov, 2019, published in Biokhimiya, 2019, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 147–171.

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Sharapov, M.G., Novoselov, V.I. Catalytic and Signaling Role of Peroxiredoxins in Carcinogenesis. Biochemistry Moscow 84, 79–100 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297919020019

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