Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are an emerging research area in the biomedical field due to their biocompatibility and multifunctionality. Herein, we report CQDs synthesized in a green, fast, facile manner in a recyclable mineral oil-mediated pyrolysis medium using citric acid as the main carbon source and thiourea as N- and S-doping source. The assynthesized CQDs exhibit excitation-dependent photoemission (Φ = 0.57) with notable energy upconversion behavior at longer wavelengths, suggesting possible utilization in multiphoton microscopy. FT-IR characterization suggest diverse functional groups on the surface which include carboxylic acids, amines, and thiocyanates among others. Photothermal analysis supported the NIR-emissive behavior and showed that CQD solution temperature could potentially increase nearly 20°C higher after 10 min irradiation by 630-nm LED laser source powered at 1 W/cm2. CQDs have been tested in vitro and has been used as multicolor cellular imaging agent.
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