Plant adaptations to anaerobic stress caused by flooding

Flooding imposes a severe selection pressure on plants principally because excess water in their surroundings can deprive them of certain basic needs, notably of oxygen and of carbon dioxide and light for photosynthesis. It is one of the major abiotic influences on species' distribution and agricultural productivity world-wide. A cultivated species, O. glaberrima is origin from Africa that spread to floodplains area along river. Work to develop more tolerant crops or manage flood-prone environments more effectively is also included. Here, recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms determining tolerance versus intolerance to anaerobic stress caused by flooding in higher plants is discussed. This work integrates various specialized approaches ranging from morphology to physiology, and demonstrates how plant biology can be harnessed to improve stress tolerance in an important crop species. Materials and Methods: The research is conducted in various place of fields. As materials of rice and sugarcane, and chilli pepper are used in the experiments. Results and Discussion: We emphasize that Sub1A is not appropriate when selecting and breeding rice cultivars of O. glaberrima for resilience to longer-term submergence. Under these circumstances, a vigorous ethylene-mediated underwater elongation response by leaves is needed to return leaves to air-contact and full photosynthetic activity. Root aerenchyma is formed in waterlogged condition to on the genotype of sugarcane and oxygen in the air is supplied to the root system thorough aerenchyma. The supplied oxygen is used for root system respiration.