Abstract
Here, the performances of two different catalysts, Ce-ZnO and TiO2 synthetized in our laboratories, were compared with the commercial TiO2-P25 for degradation of a mixture of seven emerging pollutants under UV irradiation. The investigation included monitoring pollutants abatement in Milli-Q water and in wastewater effluent and identifying their transformation products by HPLC-HRMS. Structural characterization of intermediates supported by data available from literature allowed elucidation of the transformation pathways occurring in the presence of all investigated catalysts in the wastewater effluent. Preliminary results showed a good removal efficacy for almost all examined contaminants, even in real water matrix (i.e. wastewater effluent). The type of matrix and catalyst affects the number and/or the abundance of transformation products, which suggests differences in their transformation routes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H. C. Poynton and W. E. Robinson, in Green Chemistry: an inclusive approach, ed. B. Török and T. Dransfield, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2018, ch. 3.7, pp. 291–311.
S. D. Richardson and S. Y. Kimura, Water Analysis: Emerging Contaminants and Current Issues, Anal. Chem., 2016, 88(1), 546.
S. Rainieri, N. Conlledo, B. K. Larsen, K. Granby and A. Barranco, Combined effects of microplastics and chemical contaminants on the organ toxicity of zebrafish (Danio rerio), Environ. Res., 2018, 162, 135.
C. Di Poi, K. Costil, V. Bouchart and M. P. Halm-Lemeille, Toxicity assessment of five emerging pollutants, alone and in binary or ternary mixtures, towards three aquatic organisms, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 2018, 25, 6122.
U. I. Gaya and A. H. Abdullah, Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants over Titanium Dioxide: A Review of Fundamentals, Progress and Problems, J. Photochem. Photobiol., C, 2008, 9, 1.
T. E. Doll and F. H. Frimmel, Removal of Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants by Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in Water, Catal. Today, 2005, 101, 195.
M. J. López-Muñoz, A. Daniele, M. Zorzi, C. Medana and P. Calza, Investigation of the photocatalytic transformation of acesulfame K in the presence of different TiO2-based materials, Chemosphere, 2018, 193, 151.
K. G. Kanade, B. B. Kale, J. O. Baeg, S. M. Lee, C. W. Lee, S. J. Moon and H. J. Chang, Self-assembled aligned Cu doped ZnO nanoparticles for photocatalytic hydrogen production under visible light irradiation, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2007, 102, 98.
O. Bechambi, L. Jlaiel, W. Najjar and S. Sayadi, Photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A in the presence of Ce–ZnO: Evolution of kinetics, toxicity and photodegradation mechanism, Mater. Chem. Phys., 2016, 173, 95.
M. Samadi, M. Zirak, A. Naseri, E. Khorashadizade and A. Z. Moshfegha, Recent progress on doped ZnO nano-structures for visible-light photocatalysis, Thin Solid Films, 2016, 605, 2.
C. M. The and A. R. Mohamed, Roles of Titanium Dioxide and Ion-Doped Titanium Dioxide on Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Pollutants (Phenolic Compounds and Dyes) in Aqueous Solutions: A Review, J. Alloys Compd., 2011, 509, 1648.
M. C. Paganini, D. Dalmasso, C. Gionco, V. Polliotto, L. Mantilleri and P. Calza, Beyond TiO2: Cerium-Doped Zinc Oxide as a New Photocatalyst for the Photodegradation of Persistent Pollutants, ChemistrySelect, 2016, 1, 3377.
P. Calza, C. Medana, E. Padovano, V. Giancotti and C. Baiocchi, Identification of the unknown transformation products derived from clarithromycin and carbamazepine using liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2012, 26, 1687.
C. Medana, P. Calza, F. Carbone, E. Pelizzetti, H. Hidaka and C. Baiocchi, Characterization of atenolol transformation products on light-activated TiO2 surface by high-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom., 2008, 22, 301.
P. Calza, V. A. Sakkas, C. Medana, C. Baiocchi, A. Dimou, E. Pelizzetti and T. Albanis, Photocatalytic degradation study of diclofenac over aqueous TiO2 suspensions, Appl. Catal., B, 2006, 67, 197.
E. Ioannidou, A. Ioannidi, Z. Frontistis, M. Antonopoulou, C. Tselios, D. Tsikritzis, I. Konstantinou, S. Kennou, D. I. Kondarides and D. Mantzavinos, Correlating the properties of hydrogenated titania to reaction kineticsand mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A under solar irradiation, Appl. Catal., B, 2016, 188, 65.
L. Hu, P. M. Flanders, P. L. Miller and T. J. Strathmann, Oxidation of sulfamethoxazole and related antimicrobial agents by TiO2 photocatalysis, Water Res., 2007, 41, 2612.
R. Rosal, A. Rodríguez, J. A. Perdigón-Melón, A. Petre, E. García-Calvo, M. J. Gómez, A. Agüera and A. R. Fernández-Alba, Degradation of caffeine and identification of the transformation products generated by ozonation, Chemosphere, 2009, 74, 825.
I. Michael, A. Achilleos, D. Lambropoulou, V. Osorio Torrens, S. Pérez, M. Petrovìc, D. Barceló and D. Fatta-Kassinos, Proposed transformation pathway and evolution profile of diclofenac and ibuprofen transformation products during (sono)photocatalysis, Appl. Catal., B, 2014, 147, 1015.
A. N. Rioja, S. Zorita and F. J. Penas, Effect of water matrix on photocatalytic degradation and general kinetic modelling, Appl. Catal., B, 2016, 180, 330.
W. A. Adams and C. A. Impellitteri, The photocatalysis of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) using dispersions of Degussa P-25 TiO2 particles, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2009, 202, 28–32.
T. Ohno, K. Tokieda, S. Higashida and M. Matsumura, Synergism between rutile and anatase TiO2 particles in photocatalytic oxidation of naphthalene, Appl. Catal., A, 2003, 244, 383.
H.-Y. Ma, L. Zhao, D.-B. Wang, H. Zhang and L.-H. Guo, Dynamic Tracking of Highly Toxic Intermediates in Photocatalytic Degradation of Pentachlorophenol by Continuous Flow Chemiluminescence, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2018, 52, 2870.
C. Berberidou, V. Kitsiou, S. Karahanidou, D. A. Lambropoulou, A. Kouras, C. I. Kosma, T. A. Albanis and I. Poulios, Photocatalytic degradation of the herbicide clopyralid: kinetics, degradation pathways and ecotoxicity evaluation, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 2016, 91, 2510.
A. Jelica, I. Michael, A. Achilleos, E. Hapeshi, D. Lambropoulou, S. Pereza, M. Petrovic, D. Fatta-Kassinos and D. Barcelo, Transformation products and reaction pathways of carbamazepine during photocatalytic and sonophotocatalytic treatment, J. Hazard. Mater., 2013, 263P1, 177.
P. Calza, C. Medana, M. Pazzi, C. Baiocchi and E. Pelizzetti, Photocatalytic transformations of sulphonamides on titanium dioxide, Appl. Catal., B, 2004, 53, 63.
K. S. Tay, N. A. Rahman and M. R. B. Abas, Characterization of atenolol transformation products in ozonation by using rapid resolution high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, Microchem. J., 2011, 99, 312.
O. Koba, O. Golovko, R. Kode, A. Klement and R. Grabic, Transformation of atenolol, metoprolol, and carbamazepine in soils: The identification, quantification, and stability of the transformation products and further implications for the environment, Environ. Pollut., 2016, 218, 574.
I. Dalmázio, L. S. Santos, R. P. Lopes, M. N. Eberlin and R. Augusti, Advanced Oxidation of Caffeine in Water: OnLine and Real-Time Monitoring by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Environ, Sci. Technol., 2005, 39(16), 5982.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00311d
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fabbri, D., López-Muñoz, M.J., Daniele, A. et al. Photocatalytic abatement of emerging pollutants in pure water and wastewater effluent by TiO2 and Ce-ZnO: degradation kinetics and assessment of transformation products. Photochem Photobiol Sci 18, 845–852 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8pp00311d
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c8pp00311d