Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) behavior of a bismuth sulfide nanorods modified glassy carbon electrode (NR-GCE) was investigated in alkaline aqueous solution for the first time. One weak ECL peak of the NR-GCE was observed around −1.70 V when the electrode potential was scanned from 0.0 V to −2.0 V. The intensity of the ECL peak was enhanced greatly in the presence of either H₂O₂ or persulfate. The dissolved oxygen, the pH and the supporting electrolytes of the working solution could influence ECL emission noticeably. Under the optimal conditions, the ECL signal displayed a good linear relationship with the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the range of 5.0 × 10⁻⁷ to 1.0 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ with a correlation coefficient of 0.997 and a detection limit of 2.0 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ at the signal-to-noise ratio of 3. A possible ECL mechanism of the NR-GCE was also proposed.