Carbon nanodots (C-Dots) as a new form of carbonaceous nanomaterials have aroused much interest and intensive research due to their inspiring properties. Compared to traditional semiconductor quantum dots, these newly emergent nanodots possess a number of advantageous characteristics, among which low-toxicity is particularly fascinating. More and more research into C-Dots have focused on synthesis methods and biology-related applications. Microwave-assisted approaches have attracted attention because microwave treatment can provide intensive and efficient energy, and as a consequence shorten the reaction time. In this article, we designed a “green”, rapid, eco-friendly and waste-reused approach to synthesize fluorescent and water-soluble C-Dots from eggshell membrane (ESM) ashes according to a microwave-assisted process. ESM selected as the carbon source was a common protein-rich waste in daily life and can be obtained easily and cheaply. The C-Dots from our method showed the maximal fluorescence emission peak at 450 nm and the fluorescence quantum yield was about 14%. We further designed a sensitive probe for glutathione based on the fluorescence turn off and on of the C-Dots–Cu²⁺ system, which showed a linear range of 0.5–80 μmol L⁻¹ and detection limit of 0.48 μmol L⁻¹. In general, the C-Dots prepared briefly and inexpensively from ESM revealed excellent fluorescent property with promising potential for applications such as sample detection and biotechnology.