Skip to main content
Log in

Cell Culture Models for Neurotoxicology

  • Published:
Cell Biology and Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  • Abbott, N.J. and Revest, P.A. (1991) Control of brain endothelial permeability, Cerebrovasc. Brain Metab. Rev. 3, 39-69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abbott, N.J., Revest, P.A., Romero, I.A. (1992) Astrocyte-endothelial interaction: physiology and pathology, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 18(5), 424-33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abdulla, E.M. and Campbell, I.C. (1993) in A.M. Goldberg (ed.), Handbook of Neurotoxicology, Marcel Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, P.W. (1984) Retinoic acid induces neuronal differentiation of a cloned human embyonal carcinoma cell line, In vitro Dev. Biol. 103, 298-293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, P.W., Damjanov, I., Simon, D., Banting, G.S., Carlin, C., Dracopoli, N. and Fogh, J. (1984) Pluripotent embryonal carcinoma clones derived from the human teratocarcinoma cell line Tera 2, Lab. Invest. 50, 147-162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anon. (1982) Task force of past presidents. Animal data hazard evaluation: Paths and pitfalls, Fund App. Toxicol. 2, 101-102

  • Barber, R.D., Jaworsky, D.E., Yau, K.W. and Ronnett, G.V. (2000) Isolation and in vitro differentiation of conditionally immortalized murine olfactory receptor neurons. J Neurosci., 20(10), 3695-3704.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barna, B.P., Chou, S.M., Jacobs, B., Ransohoff, R.M., Hahn, J.F. and Bay, J.W. (1985) Enhanced DNA synthesis of human glial cells exposed to human leukocyte products. J. Neuroimmunochem. 10, 151-158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bende, P., Lightbody, T., Sato, G., Levine, L. and Sweet, W. (1968) Differentiated rat glial cell strain in tissue culture, Science 161, 370-371.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biedler, J.L., Helson, L. and Suciu-Foca, N. (1973) Expression of HLA antigens on human neuroblastoma cells in continuous culture, In vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 8, 410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borowitz, J.L., Kanthasamy, A.G., Mitchell, P.J. and Isom, G.E. (1993) Use of PC12 cells as a neurotoxicological screen. Characterisation of anticyanide compounds, Fund App Toxicol. 20, 133-140.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bozyckzo, D. and Horwitz, A.F. (1986) The participation of a putative cell surface receptor for laminin and fibronectin in peripheral neurite extension, J. Neurosci. 6, 1241-1251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, M.W. (1993) The blood-brain barrier. Exp. Physiol. 78, 453-472.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brustle, O., Jones, K.N., Learish, R.D. et al (1999) Embryonic stem cell-derived glial precursors: a source of myelinating transplants, Science. 285, 754-756.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butt, A.M., Jones, H.C. and Abbott, N.J. (1990) Electrical resistance across the blood-brain barrier in anaesthetised rats: A developmental study, J. Physiol. 429, 47-62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cancilla, P.A., Bready, J. and Berliner, J.K. (1993) Brain endothelial-astrocyte interactions, in W.M. Pardridge (ed.), The Blood-brain Barrier Cellular and Molecular Biology, Raven Press, pp25-47.

  • Claudio, L (1990) An Analysis of the Current Status of In Vitro Testing in Neurotoxicology. Draft report prepared for the US EPA fellowship program/OPP, Washington DC, pp1-25.

  • Cohen, J. and Wilkin, G.P. (1995) Neural Cell Culture: A Practical Approach. Series eds. D. Rickwood and B.D. Hames, IRL Press OUP Oxford

  • Correl, L. and Ehrich, M. (1991) A microassay method for neurotoxic esterase determinations, Fund. App. Toxicol. 11, 110-116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cory-Slechta, D. (1990) Lead exposure during advancing age: Alterations in kinetics and biochemical effects, Toxicol. App. Pharm. 104, 67-78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorovini-Zis, K., Prameya, R. and Bowman, P.D. (1991) Culture and characterisation of microvascular endothelial cells derived from human brain, Lab. Invest. 64(3), 425-436.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deli, M.A. and Joo, F. (1996) Cultured vascular endothelial cells of the brain, Keio J. Med. 45(3), 183-1898.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Festing, M.F. (1986) Genetic factors in neurotoxicology and neuropharmacology: a critical evaluation of the use of genetics as a research tool, Neurotoxicology 7(2), 69-76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, K.L., Gosling, C., Megson, M. and Stern, P.L. (1975) New cell surface antigen in rat defined by tumours of the nervous system, PNAS 72, 1296-1300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foran, P., Lawrence, G.W., Shone, C.C., Foster, K.A. and Doll, J.O. (1996) Botulinum neurotoxin C1 cleaves both syntaxin and SNAP-25 in intact and permeabilised chromaffin cells: correlation with its blockade of catecholamine release. Biochemistry 35, 2630-2636.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, S.J. and Perkins, J.P. (1977) Glucocorticoids increase response of cells in culture to prostaglandin E1, PNAS 74, 4816-4820.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frame, M.C., Freshney, R.I., Vaughan, P.F.T., Graham, D. and Shaw, R (1984) Interrelationships between differentiation and malignancy associated properties in glioma, Br. J. Can. 49, 269-280.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frazier, J.M. (1992) Validation of in vitro toxicity testing, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp245-252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fricker, R.A., Carpenter, M.K., Winkler, C., Greco, C., Gates, M.A. and Bjorkland, A. (1999) Site-specific migration and neural differentiation of human neural progenitor cells after transplantation in the adult rat brain, J. Neurosci. 19, 5990-6005.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Funk, K.A., Liu, C.H., Higgins, R.J. and Wilson, B.W. (1994a) Avian embryonic brain reaggregate culture system. II. NTE activity discriminates between effects of a single neuropathic or nonneuropathic organophosphorus compound exposure, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 124(1), 159-63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Funk, K.A., Liu, C.H., Wilson, B.W. and Higgins, R.J. (1994b) Avian embryonic brain reaggregate culture system. I. Characterisation for organophosphorus compound toxicity studies, Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 124(1), 149-58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gage, F.H. (1998) Stem cells of the central nervous system, Curr. Opinion Neurobiol., 8, 671-676.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gahwiler, B.H. (1988) Organotypic cultures of neural tissue, TINS 11, 484-489.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giard, D.J., Aaronson, S.A., Todaro, G.J., Arnstein, P., Kersey, J.H., Dosik, H. and Parks, W.P. (1973) In vitro cultivation of human tumours: establishment of cell lines derived from a series of solid tumours, JNCI. 51, 1417-1425.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glynn P. (1996) Neuropathy target esterase: molecular characterization and cellular localisation, Arch. Toxicol. 19, 325-329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gomes, P. and Soares-da-Silva, P. (1999) L-DOPA transport properties in an immortalised cell line of rat capillary cerebral endothelial cells, RBE 4. Brain Res., 829, 143-150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gratzl, M. (2000) Regulation and function of SNAP-25 in neurons and endocrine cells. Biol. of the Cell 92, 459-471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, L.A. (1982) PC12 pheochromocytoma cultures in neurobiological research. Adv. Cell. Neurobiol., 3, 373-406.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, J., Pryce, G., Devine, L., Male, D.K., dos Santos, W.L., Calder, V.L. and Adamson, P. (1996) SV40 large T immortalised cell lines of the rat blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers retain their phenotypic and immunological characteristics. J. Neuroimmunol., 71, 51-63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, A.M. and Frazier, J.M. (1989) Alternatives to animals in toxicity testing. Sci. Amer. 261, 24-30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, A.L. (1992) Neurotoxicity, in J.M. Frazier (ed.), In Vitro Toxicity Testing, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp111-129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatanaka, H. and Amano, T. (1981) A mouse neuroblastom x rat glioma hybrid cell produces immunoreactive substance P-like material. Brain Res. 215(1–2), 305-316.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hebel, R. and Stromberg, M.W., (1986) Biomed Verlag ISBN 3980123405, Anatomy and Embryology of the Laboratory Rat; Rat brain in stereotactic coordinates 2nd edn, Paxinos G Academic Press, London, ISBN 0125476213.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hiraga, S., Arita, N., Ohnishi, T., Izumoto, S., Taki, T., Higuchi, M., Iwaisako, K., Sakoda, S., Yamamoto, Y. and Hayakawa, T. (1996) Establishment of spontaneously immortalized rat type 1 astroglial cell lines: the role of p53 in astroglial carcinogenesis. Glia, 18(3), 185-199.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honegger, P. and Mattheiu, J-M. (1990) Aggregating brain cell cultures: a model to study myelination and demyelination, in Jeserich, G. and Althaus, H.H. (eds.), Cellular and Molecular Biol. of Myelination, Wachneldt NATO ASI Series, Springer Verlag pp155-170.

  • Honegger, P. and Schilter, B. (1992) Serum-free aggregate cultures of fetal rat brain and liver cells: methodology and some practical applications in neurotoxicology, in Zbinden, G. and Verlag M.T.C. (eds.), The Brain in Bits and Pieces. In Vitro Techniques in Neurobiology, Neuropharmacology and Neurotoxicology, Zollikon, Switzerland, pp57-79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isom, G.E. and Borowitz, J.L. (1993) Neural System: PC12 cells, in Tyson, C.A. and Frazier, J.M. (eds.), Methods of Toxicology, Academic Press, San Diego, pp82.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, I.F. and Wood, J.N. (1990) A catalogue of properties expressed by cell lines Appendix 1, in Wood, J.N. (ed.), in Neural Cell Lines: Practical Approach. Series eds. D Rickwood and BD Hames, IRL Press, OUP Oxford, pp249-259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janigro, D., Stanness, K.A., Kguyen, T., Tnklepaugh, D.L. and Winn, H.R. (1994) Possible role of glia in the induction of CNS-like properties in aortic endothelial cell: ATP activated channels, in Bellardnelli, L. and Pelleg, A. (eds.), Adenosine and Adeninedinucleotides, Nighoff, Boston pp85-95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, H.C., Keep, R.F., and Butt, A.M. (1992) The development of ion regulation at the blood-brain barrier, Prog. Brain Res., 91, 123-131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, H.B. Pillar, A.M. and Prince, A.K. (1993) Morphological assessment of ethyl choline mustard aziridinium-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain reaggregate cultures. Acta Neuropathol (Berl). 86(2), 154-62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuramoto, T., Werrbach-Perez, K., Perez-Polo, J.R., Haber, B. (1981) Membrane properties of a human neuroblastoma II: Effects of differentiation, J Neurosci. Res. 6(4), 441-9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laterra, J. and Goldstein, G.W. (1993) Brain microvessels and microvasculature cells in vitro, in W.M. Pardridge, (ed.), The Blood-brain Barrier Cell and Molecular Biology, R.aven Press, pp1-25.

  • Lawrence, G.W., Foran, P., Mohammed, N., DasGupta, B.R. and Dolly, J.O. (1997) Importance of two adjacent C-terminal sequences of SNAP-25 in exocytosis from intact and permeabilised chromaffin cells revealed by inhibition with botulinum neurotoxin A and E. Biochemistry 36, 3061-3067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lelkes, P.I., Galvan, D.L., Hayman, G.T., Goodwin, T.J., Chatman, D.Y., Cherian, S., Garcia, R.M. and Unsworth, B.R. (1998) Simulated microgravity conditions enhance differentiation of cultured PC12 cells towards the neuroendocrine phenotype, In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 34(4), 316-25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C,M., Kum, W., Cockram, C.S., Teoh, R. and Young, J.D. (1989) Functional substance P receptors on a human astrocytoma cell line (U-373 MG). Brain Res., 488(1–2), 328-331.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, R., Thode, S., Zhou, J., Richard, N., Pardinas, J., Rao, M.S., Sah, D.W.J. (2000) Motoneuron differentiation of immortalized human spinal cord cell lines. Neurosci. Res., 59(3), 342-352.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, Y., Himes, B.T., Solowska, J., Moul, J., Chow, S.Y., Park, K.I., Tessler, A., Murray, M., Snyder, E.Y. and Fischer, I. (1999) Intraspinal delivery of neurotrophin-3 using neural stem cells genetically modified by recombinant retrovirus. Exp. Neurol., 158(1), 9-26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Low, H.P., Savarese, T.M. and Schwartz, W.J. (1998) Neural stem-like cells grown in simulated microgravity environment, Gravitational and Space Biology Bulletin 12(1), 58.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod, R.A.F., Dirks, W.G., Matsuo, Y., Kaufmann, M., Milch, H. and Drexler, H.G. (1999) Widespread intra-species cross-contamination of human tumour cell lines arising at source. Int. J. Can., 83, 555-563.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maggi, R., Pimpinelli, F., Molteni, L., Milani, M., Martini, L., and Piva, F. (2000) Immortalized luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons show a different migratory activity in vitro. Endocrinol., 141(6), 2105-2112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCarrick, J.W. and Andrews, P.W. (1990) Embryonic carcinoma cells and embryonic stem cells as models for neuronal development and function, in Wood, N.J. (ed.) in Neural Cell Lines, A Practical Approach. Series eds. D. Rickwood and B.D. Hames, IRL Press, OUP Oxford, pp77-102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mc Morris, F.A. and Ruddle, F.H. (1974) Expression of neuronal phenotypes in neuroblastoma cell hybrids, Dev. Biol. 39, 226-246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menzer, R.E. (1987) Selection of animal models for data interpretation, in Tardiff, R. and Rodricks, J. (eds.), Toxic substances and human risk, Plenum Press, New York, pp133-152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morihara, T., Mizoguchi, A., Takahashi, M. et al. (1999) Distribution of synaptosomal-associated protein 25 in nerve growth cones and reduction of neurite outgrowth by botulinum neurotoxin A without altering growth cone morphology in dorsal root ganglion neurones and PC-12 cells. Neuroscience 91, 695-706.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrione, A., Romano, G., Navarro, M., Reiss, K., Valentinis, B., Dews, M., Eves, E., Rosner, M.R. and Baserga, R. (2000) Insulin-like growth factor I receptor signaling in differentiation of neuronal H19-7 cells. Can. Res., 60(8), 2263-2272.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mroczkowska, J.E., Roux, F.S., Nalecz, M.J. and Nalecz, K.A. (2000) Blood-brain barrier controls carnitine level in the brain: A study on a model system with RBE4 cells, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 267(1), 433-437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nostrandt, A.C. and Ehrich, M. (1993) Modification of mipafox-induced inhibition of neuropathy target esterase in neuroblastoma cells of human origin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 121(1), 36-42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohta, K., Takagi, S., Asou, H. and Fujisawa, H. (1992) Involvement in neural cell surface molecule B2 in the formation of retinal plexiform layers, Neuron 9, 151-161.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olmsted, J.B., Carlson, K., Klebe, R., Ruddle, F. and Rosenbaum, J. (1970) Isolation of microtubulin protein from cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells, PNAS 65, 129-136.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pizzey, J.A. (1992), Cell lines in developmental neurobiology: assays of adhesion and neurite outgrowth, in Wood, J.N. (ed.), in Neural Cell Lines, A Practical Approach. Series by D. Rickwood and B.D. Hames, IRL Press, OUP Oxford, pp217-245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleasure, S.J. and Lee, V.M-Y. (1993) Ntera 2 cells: a human cell line which displays characteristics expected of a human committed neuronal progenitor cell, J. Neurosci. Res. 35, 585-602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, B.A. and Wiess, S. (1992) Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system, Science, 255, 1707-1710.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riederer, B.M., Monnet-Tschudi, F. and Honegger, P. (1992) Development and maintenance of the neuronal cytoskeleton in aggregated cell cultures of fetal rat telencephalon and influence of elevated K: concentration. J. Neurochem. 58, 649-658.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roback, J.D., Diede, S.J., Downen, M., Lee, H.J., Kwon, J., Large, T.H., Otten, U., and Wainer, B.H. (1992) Expression of neurotrophins and the low-affinity NGF receptor in septal and hippocampal reaggregate cultures: local physiologic effects of NGF synthesized in the septal region, Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 70(1), 123-33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sacchettoni, S.A., Benchaibi, M., Sindou, M., Belin, M.F., Jacquemont, B. (1998) Glutamate-modulated production of GABA in immortalized astrocytes transduced by a glutamic acid decarboxylase-expressing retrovirus. Glia, 22(1), 86-93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, D., Heinemann, S., Carlisle, W., Tarikas, B., Kimes, J., Batrick, J., Steinbach, J.H., Culp, W. and Brandt, B.L. (1974) Clonal cell lines from the rat central nervous system, Nature 249, 224-227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, R.P., Goodwin, T.J. and Wolf, D.A. (1992) Cell culture for three-dimensional modelling in rotating wall vessels. In: An application for simulated microgravity, J Tissue Cult. Methods 14, 51-58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlett, K., Czirok, A., Tarnok, K., Viesek, T. and Madarasz, E. (2000) Dynamics of cell aggregation during in vitro neurogenesis by immortalized neuroectodermal progenitors. J. Neurosci. Res., 60(2), 184-194.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snider, R.M., Forray, C., Pfenning, M. and Richelson, E. (1986) Neurotensin stimulates inositol phospholipid metabolism and calcium mobilization in murine neuroblastoma clone N1E-115. J. Neurochem., 47(4), 1214-128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sobue, K., Yamamoto, N., Yoneda, K., Hodgson, M.E., Yamashiro, K., Tsuruoka, N., Tsuda, T., Katsuya, H., Miura, Y., Asai, K. and Kato, T. (1999) Induction of blood-brain barrier properties in immortalized bovine brain endothelial cells by astrocytic factors, Neurosci Res 35(2), 155-64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spector, D.H., Boss, B.D. and Strecker, R.E. (1993) A model three-dimensional culture system for mammalian dopaminergic precursor cells: application for functional intracerebral transplantation, Exp. Neurol. 124(2), 253-64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, P.S., Crain, S.M., Bornstein, M.B., Peterson, E.R. and Van de Water, T. (1986) Chemical neurotoxicity: detection and analysis in organotypic cultures of sensory and motor systems, Food Chem. Toxicol. 24, 539-544.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanness, K.A., Guatteo, E. and Janigro, D. (1996) A dynamic model of the blood-brain barrier in vitro, Neurotoxicol. 17, 481-496.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stemple, D.L. and Anderson, D.J. (1992) Isolation of a stem cell for neurons and glia from the mammalian neural crest, Cell, 71, 973-985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, K., Anantharam, V., Behrstock, S., Bongarzone, E., Campagnoni, A. and Tobin, A.J. (2000) Conditionally immortalized cell lines, engineered to produce and release GABA, modulate the development of behavioral seizures. Exp. Neurol., 161(2), 481-9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, S., Stern, P.L., Webb, M., Walsh, F.S., Engstrom, W., Evans, E.P., Shi, W-K., Hopkins, B. and Grabam, C.E. (1984) Cloned human teratoma cells differentiate into neuron-like cells and other cell types in retinoic acid. J. Cell Sci. 72, 37-64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiffany-Castiglioni, E., Ehrich, M., Dees, L., Costa, L.G., Kodavanti, P.R., Lasley, S.M., Oortgiesen, M., Durham, H.D. (1996) Bridging the gap between in vitro and in vivo models for neurotoxicology, Environ. Health Perspect. 104(Suppl 2), 205-215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torchio, C. and Trowbridge, R.S. (1977) Ovine cells: their long-term cultivation and susceptibility to visna virus. In Vitro, 13(4), 252-9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida, N., He, D., Reitsma, M.J., Masek, M., Weissman, I., Gage, F., and Buck, D. (1999) Direct isolation of human neural stem cells from fetal brain by cell sorting, J. Neurosci., 25, 1767.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veronesi, B. (1996) Characterization of the MDCK cell line for screening neurotoxicants. Neurotoxicol. 17(2), 433-443.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Viviani, B. and Marinovich, M. (1998) Neurotoxicity: an active role for glia? Neurosci. Res. Comm. 23, 1-12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walum, E., Hansson, E. and Harvey, A.L. (1990) In vitro testing of neurotoxicity, ATLA 18, 153-179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittemore, S.R. and Snyder, E.Y. (1996) Physiological relevance and functional potential of central nervous system-derived cell lines, Mol. Neurobiol, 12(1), 13-38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winneke, G. (1991) Cross species extrapolation in neurotoxicology: neurophysiological and neurobehavioral aspects, Experientia 47(10), 990-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation (1989) International Programme on Chemical Safety. Report of planning meeting, in In Vitro Techniques for Assessment of Neurotoxic Chemicals, WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J.N. (1990) Neural Cell Lines: A Practical Approach. Series eds. D. Rickwood and B.D. Hames, IRL Press, OUP Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodroofe and Cuzner (1995) Microglia the tissue macrophage of the CNS, in J. Cohen and G.P. Wilkin (eds.), Neural Cell Culture: A Practical Approach. Series eds. D. Rickwood and BD Hames, IRL Press OUP Oxford, pp107-119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasuda, T., Sobue, G., Takayuki, I., Mitsumi, T. and Takahashi, A. (1990) Nerve growth factor enhances neurite arborisation of adult sensory neurons: A study in single cell culture, Brain Res. 524, 54-63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokosawa, N., Kurokawa, Y., Tsuzuki, K. et al. (1989) Binding of Clostridium botulinum type C neurotoxin to different neuroblastoma cell lines. Infec. Immun. 57, 272-277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan, Y., Granger, H.J., Zaweja, D.C. and Chilian, W.M. (1992) Flow modulates coronary venular permeability by a nitric oxide related mechanism, Am. J. Physiol. 32, H641-H646.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Stacey, G., Viviani, B. Cell Culture Models for Neurotoxicology. Cell Biol Toxicol 17, 319–334 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012585300679

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012585300679

Keywords

Navigation