Abstract
The arrival of Europeans in the New World had profound and long-lasting results for the native peoples. The record for the impact of this fundamental change in culture, society, and biology of Native Americans is well documented historically. This paper reviews the biological impact of the arrival of Europeans on native populations via the study of pre- and postcontact skeletal remains in Spanish Florida, the region today represented by coastal Georgia and northern Florida. The postcontact skeletal series, mostly drawn from Roman Catholic mission sites, are among the most comprehensive in the Americas, providing a compelling picture of adaptation and stress in this setting. Study of paleopathology, dental and skeletal indicators of physiological stress, stable isotope (carbon and nitrogen) analysis, tooth microwear, and skeletal morphology (cross-sectional geometry) reveals major alterations in quality of life and lifestyle. The bioarchaeological record indicates a general deterioration in health, declining dietary diversity and nutritional quality, and increasing workload in the contact period. The impact of contact in Spanish Florida appears to have been more dramatic in comparison with other regions, which likely reflects the different nature of contact relations in this setting versus other areas (e.g., New England, New France). The bioarchaeological record represents an important information source for understanding the dynamics of biocultural change resulting from colonization and conquest.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Baker, B. J. (1994). Pilgrim's progress and praying Indians: The biocultural consequences of contact in southern New England. In Larsen, C. S., and Milner, G. R. (eds.), In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 35–45.
Baker, B. J., and Kealhofer, L. (eds.). (1996). Bioarchaeology of Native American Adaptation in the Spanish Borderlands, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Barondess, D. A. (1998). Anthropometric and Biomechanical Assessment of Skeletal Structural Adaptations in Bioarchaeological Populations From Michigan and New York State. PhD dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
Bridges, P. S. (1995). Skeletal biology and behavior in ancient humans. Evolutionary Anthropology 4: 112–120.
Brues, A. (1960). The spearman and the archer--an essay on selection in body build. American Anthropologist 62: 457–469.
Buikstra, J. E., Konigsberg, L. W., and Bullington, J. (1986). Fertility and the development of agriculture in the prehistoric Midwest. American Antiquity 51: 528–546.
Bushnell, A. T. (1994). Situado and Sabana: Spain's Support System for the Presidio and Mission Provinces of Florida. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 74.
Caldwell, J., and McCann, C. (1941). Irene Mound Site, Chatham County, Georgia, University of Georgia Press, Athens.
Cohen, M. N., O'Connor, K., Danforth, M., Jacobi, K., and Armstrong, C. (1994). Health and death and Tipu. In Larsen, C. S., and Milner, G.R. (eds.), In theWake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 121–133.
Cook, N. D. (1998). Born to Die: Disease and New World Conquest, 1492–1650, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Crosby, A. W. (1986). Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900–1900, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Cutress, T.W., and Suckling, G.W. (1982). The assessment of non-carious defects of the enamel. International Dental Journal 32: 119–122.
Dean, M. C. (1987). Growth layers and incremental markings in hard tissues: A review of the literature and some preliminary observations about enamel structure in Paranthropus. Journal of Human Evolution 16: 157–172.
Detweiller-Blakely, B. (1988). Stress and the battle casualties. In Blakely, R. L. (ed.). The King Site: Continuity and Contact in Sixteenth-Century Georgia, University of Georgia Press, Athens, pp. 86–98.
Dobyns, H. F. (1983). Their Number Become Thinned: Native American Population Dynamics in Eastern North America, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
Erickson, J. D., Lee, D. V., and Bertram, J. E. A. (2000). Fourier analysis of acetabular shape in Native American Arikara populations before and after acquisition of horses. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 113: 473–480.
Eyre-Brook, A. L. (1984). The periosteum: Its function reassessed. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 189: 300–307.
Ezzo, J. A., Larsen, C. S., and Burton, J. H. (1995). Elemental signatures of human diets from the Georgia bight. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 98: 471–481.
FitzGerald, C. M. (1998). Do enamel microstructures have regular time dependency? Conclusions from the literature and large-scale study. Journal of Human Evolution 35: 371–386.
Gagnon, C. M. (1999). Health, politics, and population movement in the Susquehanna Valley (abstract). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 28 (Suppl): 132.
Gannon, M. (1992). The new alliance of history and archaeology in the eastern Spanish borderlands. William and Mary Quarterly 49: 323–334.
Goodman, A. H., Thomas, R. B., Swedlund, A. C., and Armelagos, G. J. (1988). Biocultural perspectives on stress in prehistoric, historical, and contemporary population research. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 31: 169–202.
Gordon, J. E., Chitkara, I. D., and Wyon, J. B. (1963).Weanling diarrhea. American Journal of Medical Science 245: 345.
Hally, D. J. (1986). The identification of vessel function: A case study from northwest Georgia. American Antiquity 51: 267–295.
Hann, J. H. (1986). Demographic patterns and changes in mid-seventeenth century Timucua and Apalachee. Florida Historical Quarterly 64: 371–392.
Hann, J. H. (1988). Apalachee: The Land between the Rivers, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Hann, J. H. (1990). Summary guide to Spanish Florida missions and visitas. The Americas 56: 417–513.
Hann, J. H., and McEwan, B.G. (1998). The Apalachee Indians and Mission San Luis, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Hill, M. C. (1996). Protohistoric aborigines in west-central Alabama: Probable correlations to early European contact. In Baker, B. J., and Kealhofer, L. (eds.), Bioarchaeology of Native American Adaptation in the Spanish Borderlands, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 17–37.
Hough, A. J. (1997). Pathology of osteoarthritis. In Koopman, W. J. (ed.), Arthritis and Allied Conditions, Williams & Watkins, Baltimore, pp. 1945–1968.
Hutchinson, D. L. (1996). Brief encounters: Tatham Mound and the evidence for Spanish and Native American confrontation. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 6: 51–65.
Hutchinson, D. L., and Larsen, C. S. (1988). Determination of stress episode duration from linear enamel hypoplasias:Acase study from St. Catherines Island, Georgia. Human Biology 60: 93–110.
Hutchinson, D. L., and Larsen, C. S. (1990). Stress and lifeway change: The evidence from enamel hypoplasias. In Larsen, C. S. (ed.), The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: 2. Biocultural Interpretations of a Population in Transition. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 68, pp. 50–65.
Hutchinson, D. L., and Larsen, C. S. (2001). Enamel hypoplasia and stress in La Florida. In Larsen, C. S. (ed.), Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida: The Impact of Colonialism, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Hutchinson, D. L., Larsen, C. S., and Clow, V. G. (in preparation). Treponematosis in Georgia and Florida. In Powell, M. L., and Cook, D. C. (eds.), Treponematosis in Bioarchaeological Context.
Hutchinson, D. L., Larsen, C. S., Norr, L., and Schoeninger, M. J. (2000). Agricultural melodies and alternative harmonies in Florida and Georgia. In Lambert, P. M. (ed.), Bioarchaeological Studies of Life in the Age of Agriculture, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 116–133.
Hutchinson, D. L., Larsen, C. S., Schoeninger, M. J., and Norr, L. (1998). Regional variation in the pattern of maize adoption and use in Florida and Georgia. American Antiquity 63: 397–416.
Jacobi, K. P. (2000). Last Rites for the Tipu Maya: Genetic Structuring in a Colonial Cemetery, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Johansson, S. R., and Horowitz, S. (1986). Estimating mortality in skeletal populations: Influence of the growth rate on the interpretation of levels and trends during the transition to agriculture. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 71: 233–250.
Johansson, S. R., and Owsley, D. (in press). Welfare history on the Great Plains: Mortality and skeletal health, 1650–1830. In Steckel, R. H., and Rose, J. C. (eds.), The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Jones, B. C., Hann, J., and Scarry, J. F. (1991). San Pedro y San Pablo de Patale: A Seventeenth-Century Spanish Mission in Leon County, Florida, Florida Bureau of Archaeological Research, Tallahassee. Florida Archaeology, No. 5.
Jones, C. C., Jr. (1859). Indian Remains in Southern Georgia. J. M. Cooper, Savannah, GA.
Jones, G.D. (1978). The ethnohistory of the Guale coast through 1684. In Thomas, D. H., Jones, G. D., Durham, R. S., and Larsen, C. S. (eds.), The Anthropology of St. Catherines Island: 1. Natural and Cultural History. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 55: pp. 178–210.
Lambert, P. M. (2000). Life on the periphery: Health in farming communities of interior North Carolina and Virginia. In Lambert, P. M. (ed.), Bioarchaeological Studies of Life in the Age of Agriculture, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 168–194.
Lambert, P. M. (in press). Bioarchaeology at Coweeta Creek: Continuity and change in native health and lifeways in protohistoric western North Carolina. Southeastern Archaeology.
Larsen, C. S. (1981). Skeletal and dental adaptations to the shift to agriculture on the Georgia coast. Current Anthropology 22: 422–423.
Larsen, C. S. (1982). The Anthropology of St. Catherines Island: 3. Prehistoric Human Biological Adaptation. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 57, Part 3.
Larsen, C. S. (1983). Behavioural implications of temporal change in cariogenesis. Journal of Archaeological Science 10: 1–8.
Larsen, C. S. (1984). Health and disease in prehistoric Georgia: The transition to agriculture. In Cohen, M. N., and Armelagos, G. J. (eds.), Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture, Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 367–392.
Larsen, C. S. (1990). The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: 2. Biocultural Interpretations of a Population in Transition. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 68.
Larsen, C. S. (1993). On the frontier of contact: Mission bioarchaeology in La Florida. In McEwan, B. G. (ed.), The Spanish Missions of La Florida, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 322–356.
Larsen, C. S. (1994). In the wake of Columbus: Native population biology in the postcontact Americas. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 37: 109–154.
Larsen, C. S. (1995). Biological changes in human populations with agriculture. Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 185–213.
Larsen, C. S. (1997). Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Behavior From the Human Skeleton, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Larsen, C. S. (2000a). Reading the bones of La Florida. Scientific American 282(6): 80–85.
Larsen, C. S. (2000b). Skeletons in Our Closet: Revealing Our Past through Bioarchaeology, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Larsen, C. S. (2001). Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida. In Larsen, C. S. (ed.), Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida: The Impact of Colonialism, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Larsen, C. S., Crosby, A. W., Griffin, M. C., Hutchinson, D. L., Ruff, C. B., Russell, K. F., Schoeninger,M. J., Sering, L. E., Simpson, S.W., Takács, J. L., and Teaford, M. F. (in press). A biohistory of health and behavior in the Georgia bight: The agricultural transition and the impact of European contact. In Steckel, R. H., and Rose, J. C. (eds.), The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Larsen, C. S., Hutchinson, D. L., Schoeninger, M. J., and Norr, L. (2001). Food and stable isotopes in La Florida: Diet and nutrition before and after contact. In Larsen, C. S. (ed.), Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida: The Impact of Colonialism, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Larsen, C. S., and Milner, G. R. (eds.). (1994). In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest, Wiley-Liss, New York.
Larsen, C. S., Ruff, C. B., Schoeninger, M. J., and Hutchinson, D. L. (1992a). Population decline and extinction in La Florida. In Verano, J. W., and Ubelaker, D. H. (eds.), Disease and Demography in the Americas, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 25–39.
Larsen, C. S., Schoeninger, M. J., Hutchinson, D. L., Russell, K. F., and Ruff, C. B. (1990). Beyond demographic collapse: Biological adaptation and change in native populations of La Florida. In Thomas, D. H. (ed.), Columbian Consequences, Vol. 2: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands East, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 409–428.
Larsen, C. S., Schoeninger, M. J., van der Merwe, N. J., Moore, K. M., and Lee-Thorp, J. A. (1992b). Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic signatures of human dietary change in the Georgia Bight. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 89: 197–214.
Larsen, C. S., and Sering, L. E. (2000). Inferring iron deficiency anemia from human skeletal remains: The case of the Georgia bight. In Lambert, P. M. (ed.), Bioarchaeological Studies in Life in the Age of Agriculture, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 116–133.
Larsen, C. S., Shavit, R., and Griffin, M. C. (1991). Dental caries evidence for dietary change: An archaeological context. In Kelley, M. A., and Larsen, C. S. (eds.), Advances in Dental Anthropology, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 179–202.
Larsen, C. S., and Thomas, D. H. (1986). The Anthropology of St. Catherines Island: 5. The South End Mound Complex. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 63, Part 1.
Layrisse, M., Martinez-Torres, C., and Roche, M. (1968). Effect of interaction of various foods on iron absorption. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 21: 1175–1183.
Leslie, P. W., Campbell, K. L., Campbell, B. C., Kigondu, C. S., and Kirumbi, L. W. (1999). Fecundity and fertility. In Little, M. A., and Leslie, P.W. (eds.), Turkana Herders of the Dry Savanna: Ecology and Biobehavioural Response of Nomads to an Uncertain Environment, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 249–278.
Lieberman, D. E. (1997). Making behavioral and phylogenetic inferences from hominid fossils: Considering the developmental influence of mechanical forces. Annual Review of Anthropology 26: 185–210.
Lovejoy, C. O., Meindl, R. S., Mensforth, R. P., and Barton, T. J. (1985). Multifactorial determination of skeletal age at death:Amethod and blind tests of it's accuracy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 68: 1–14.
Lynch, S. R. (1997). Interaction of iron with other nutrients. Nutrition Reviews 55: 102–110.
Magoon, D., Norr, L., Hutchinson, D. L., and Ewen, C. R. (in press). An analysis of human skeletal materials from the Snow Beach Site (8WA52). Southeastern Archaeology.
Marks, M.K. (1992). Developmental dental enamel defects: An SEM analysis. In Goodman, A. H., and Capasso, L. L. (eds.), Recent Contributions to the Study of Enamel Developmental Defects. Journal of Paleopathology, Monographic Publications, 2, pp. 79–90.
McEwan, B. G. (ed.). (1993). The Spanish Missions of La Florida, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Milanich, J.T. (1995). Florida Indians and the InvasionFromEurope, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Milanich, J. T. (1999). Laboring in the Fields of the Lord: Spanish Missions and Southeastern Indians, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Miller, E. (1995). Refuse to Be Ill: European Contact and Aboriginal Health in Northeastern Nebraska. PhD Dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe.
Miller, E. (1996). The effect of European contact on the health of indigenous populations in Texas. In Baker, B. J., and Kealhofer, L. (eds.), Bioarchaeology of Native American Adaptation in the Spanish Borderlands, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 126–147.
Miller, E., Damann, F. E., Ubelaker, D. H., and Jones, E.B. (1999a). Temporal trends in morbidity in the Chesapeake Bay area: Part 2. Data and conclusions (abstract). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 28 (Suppl.): 203.
Miller, E., Gagnon, C. M., and Baker, B. J. (1999b). Contact dynamics in the mid-Atlantic and northeast: A bioarchaeological perspective. In Symposium, American Association of Physical Anthropologists, Columbus, OH.
Milner, G. R., Humpf, D. A., and Harpending, H. C. (1989). Pattern matching of age at death distributions in paleodemographic analysis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 80: 49–58.
Milner, G. R., Larsen, C. S., Hutchinson, D. L., Williamson, M. A., and Humpf, D. A. (2000). Conquistadors, excavators, or rodents: What damaged the King site skeletons? American Antiquity 65: 355–363.
Moore, C. B. (1897). Certain aboriginal mounds of the Georgia coast. Journal of the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia 11: 1–138.
Moore, E. S. (1993).Periosteal Reactions as an Indicator of Health in a ContactPeriodPopulation From Spanish Florida. MS Thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Nagurka, M. L., and Hayes, W. C. (1980). An interactive graphics package for calculating crosssectional properties of complex shapes. Journal of Biomechanics 13: 59–64.
Owsley, D. W., Gill, G. W., and Ousley, S. D. (1994). Biological effects of European contact on Easter Island. In Larsen, C. S., and Milner, G. R. (eds.), In theWake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 161–177.
Owsley, D. W., and Jantz, R. L. (eds.). (1994). Skeletal Biology in the Great Plains: Migration, Warfare, Health, and Subsistence, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Pearson, O. M. (2000). Activity, climate, and postcranial robusticity: Implications for modern human origins and scenarios of adaptive change. Current Anthropology 41: 569–607.
Pfeiffer, S., and Fairgrieve, S. I. (1994). Evidence from ossuaries: The effect of contact on the health of Iroquoians. In Larsen, C. S., and Milner, G. R. (eds.), In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 47–61.
Pietrusewsky, M., and Douglas, M. T. (1994). An osteological assessment of health and disease in precontact and historic (1778) Hawai'i. In Larsen, C. S., and Milner, G. R. (eds.), In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 179–196.
Powell, M.L. (1990). On the eve of conquest: Life and death at Irene Mound, Georgia. In Larsen, C. S. (ed.), The Archaeology of Santa Catalina De Guale: 2. Biocultural Interpretations of a Population in Transition. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 68, pp. 26–35.
Powell, M. L. (2000). Ancient diseases, modern perspectives: Treponematosis and tuberculosis in the age of agriculture. In Lambert, P. M. (ed.), Bioarchaeological Studies of Life in the Age of Agriculture: A View From the Southeast, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 6–34.
Reeves, M. (2000). Dental health at early historic Fusihatchee Town: Biocultural implications of contact in Alabama. In Lambert, P. M. (ed.), Bioarchaeological Studies of Life in the Age of Agriculture: A View From the Southeast, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, pp. 78–95.
Reff, D. T. (1991). Disease, Depopulation, and Culture Change in Northwestern New Spain, 1520-1764, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.
Reinhard, K. J., Tieszen, L., Sandness, K. L., Beiningen, L. M., Miller, E., Ghazi, A. M., Miewald, C. E., and Barnum, S. V. (1994). Trade, contact, and female health in northeast Nebraska. In Larsen, C. S., and Milner, G. R. (eds.), In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 63–74.
Reitz, E. J. (1988). Evidence for coastal adaptation in Georgia and South Carolina. Archaeology of Eastern North America 16: 137–158.
Reitz, E. J. (1990). Zooarchaeological evidence for subsistence at La Florida missions. In Thomas, D. H. (ed.), Columbian Consequences, Vol. 2: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands East, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington,DC, pp. 543–554.
Reitz, E. J. (1993). Evidence for animal use at the missions of Spanish Florida. In McEwan, B. G. (ed.), The Spanish Missions of La Florida, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 376–398.
Reitz, E. J. (1999). Native Americans and animal husbandry in the North American colony of Spanish Florida. In Gosden, C., and Hather, J. (eds.), The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change, Routledge, London, pp. 184–195.
Reitz, E. J., and Scarry, C.M. (1985). Reconstructing Historic SubsistenceWith an Example From Sixteenth-Century Spanish Florida. Society for Historical Archaeology, Special Publication, No. 1.
Rose, J. C. (1977). Defective enamel histology of prehistoric teeth from Illinois. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 46: 439–446.
Rowe, N. (1982). Dental caries. In Steele, P. F. (ed.), Dimensions of Dental Hygiene, 3rd edn., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, pp. 209–237.
Ruff, C. B. (1987). Sexual dimorphism in human lower limb bone structure: Relationship to subsistence strategy and sexual division of labor. Journal of Human Evolution 16: 391–416.
Ruff, C. B. (1999). Skeletal structure and behavioral patterns of prehistoric Great Basin populations. In Hemphill, B. E., and Larsen, C. S. (eds.), Understanding Prehistoric Lifeways in the Great BasinWetlands: Bioarchaeological Reconstruction and Interpretation, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, pp. 290–320.
Ruff, C. B. (2000). Biomechanical analyses of archaeological human skeletal samples. In Katzenberg, M. A., and Saunders, S. R. (eds.), Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 71–102.
Ruff, C. B., and Hayes, W. C. (1983). Cross-sectional geometry of Pecos Pueblo femora and tibiae--a biomechanical investigation: I. Method and general patterns of variation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 60: 359–381.
Ruff, C. B., and Larsen, C. S. (1990). Postcranial biomechanical adaptations to subsistence changes on the Georgia coast. In Larsen, C. S. (ed.), The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: 2. Biocultural Interpretations of a Population in Transition. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 68, pp. 94–120.
Ruff, C. B., and Larsen, C. S. (2001). Reconstructing behavior in Spanish Florida: The biomechanical evidence. In Larsen, C. S. (ed.), Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida: The Impact of Colonialism, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Ruff, C. B., Larsen, C. S., and Hayes, W. C. (1984). Structural changes in the femur with the transition to agriculture on the Georgia coast. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 64: 125–136.
Ruhl, D. L. (1990). Spanish mission paleoethnobotany and culture change: A survey of the archaeobotanical data and some speculations on aboriginal and Spanish agrarian interactions in La Florida. InThomas, D.H. (ed.), Columbian Consequences,Vol. 2: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands East, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 555–580.
Russell, K. F., Simpson, S.W., and Larsen, C. S. (n.d.). [Data on ages of individuals from Santa Maria de Yamasee, Amelia Island, Florida]. Unpublished raw data.
Sattenspiel, L., and Harpending, H. (1983). Stable populations and skeletal age. American Antiquity 48: 489–498.
Saunders, R. (2000). Stability and Change in Guale Indian Pottery, A.D. 1300–1702, University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
Scarry, C. M. (1993). Plant production and procurement in Apalachee province. In McEwan, B. G. (ed.), The Spanish Missions of Florida, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 357–375.
Scarry, C. M., and Reitz, E. J. (1990). Herbs, fish, scum, and vermin: Subsistence strategies in sixteenth-century Spanish Florida. In Thomas, D. H. (ed.), Columbian Consequences 2: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands East, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 343–354.
Schmidt, C. W. (1993). Paleodemographic Analysis of the Santa Catalina de Guale de Santa Maria Ossuary. MS Thesis, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Schoeninger, M. J. (1995). Stable isotope studies in human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology 4: 83–98.
Schoeninger, M. J., van der Merwe, N. J., Moore, K., Lee-Thorp, J., and Larsen, C. S. (1990). Decrease in diet quality between the prehistoric and contact periods. In Larsen, C. S. (ed.), The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: 2. Biocultural Interpretations of a Population in Transition. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 68, pp. 78–93.
Schultz, M. (1988). Palaopathologische diagnostik. In Knussmann, R. (ed.), Anthropologie: Handbuch der Vergleichenden Biologie des Menschen 1,Wesen und Methoden der Anthropologie 1, Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart and New York, pp. 480–496.
Schultz, M., Larsen, C. S., and Kreutz, K. (2001). Disease in Spanish Florida: Microscopy of porotic hyperostosis and inferences about health. In Larsen, C. S. (ed.), Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida: The Impact of Colonialism, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Simmons, S., Larsen, C. S., and Russell, K. F. (1989). Demographic interpretations from ossuary remains during the late contact period in northern Spanish Florida (abstract). American Journal of Physical Anthropology 78: 302.
Simpson, A. H. R. W. (1985). The blood supply of the periosteum. Journal of Anatomy 140: 697–704.
Simpson, S. W. (1999). Reconstructing patterns of growth disruption from enamel microstructure. In Hoppa, R. D., and FitzGerald, C. M. (eds.), Human Growth in the Past: Studies From Bones and Teeth, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, pp. 241–263.
Simpson, S. W. (2001). Patterns of growth disruption in La Florida: Evidence from enamel microstructure. In Larsen, C. S. (ed.), Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida: The Impact of Colonialism, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Steckel, R. H., and Rose, J. C. (eds.). (in press). The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Stodder, A. L. W. (1994). Bioarchaeological investigations of protohistoric Pueblo health and demography. In Larsen, C. S., and Milner, G. R. (eds.), In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 97–107.
Stodder, A. L. W. (1996). Paleoepidemiology of eastern and western Pueblo communities in protohistoric and early historic New Mexico. In Baker, B. J., and Kealhofer, L. (eds.), Bioarchaeology of Native American Adaptation in the Spanish Borderlands, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 148–176.
Stodder, A.L.W., and Martin, D. L. (1992). Health and disease in the Southwest before and after Spanish contact. In Verano, J.W., and Ubelaker, D. H. (eds.), Disease and Demography in the Americas, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 55–73.
Teaford, M. F. (1991). Dental microwear:What can it tell us about diet and dental function? In Kelley, M. A., and Larsen, C. S. (eds.), Advances in Dental Anthropology,Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 342–356.
Teaford, M. F., Larsen, C. S., Pastor, R. F., and Noble, V. E. (2001). Pits and scratches: Microscopic evidence of tooth use and masticatory behavior in La Florida. In Larsen, C. S. (ed.), Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida: The Impact of Colonialism, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Teaford, M. F., and Lytle, J.D. (1996). Diet-induced changes in rates of human tooth microwear: A case study involving stone-ground maize. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 100: 143–147.
Thomas, D. H. (1987). The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: 1. Search and Discovery. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 63, Part 2.
Thomas, D. H. (1990). The Spanish missions of La Florida: An overview. In Thomas, D. H. (ed.), Columbian Consequences, Vol. 2: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands East, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 357–397.
Thomas, D. H. (1993). The archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: Our first 15 years. In McEwan, B. G. (ed.), The Spanish Missions of La Florida, University Press of Florida, Gainesville, pp. 1–34.
Thomas, D. H., and Larsen, C. S. (1979). The Anthropology of St. Catherines Island: 2. The Refuge-Deptford Mortuary Complex. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 56, Part 1.
Thornton, R. (1997). Aboriginal North American population and rates of decline, ca. A.D. 1500–1900. Current Anthropology 38: 310–315.
Thornton, R. (2000). Population history of native North Americans. In Haines, M. R., and Steckel, R. H. (eds.), A Population History of North America, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 9–50.
Ubelaker, D. H. (1992). Porotic hyperostosis in prehistoric Ecuador. In Stuart-Macadam, P., and Kent, S. (eds.), Diet, Demography, and Disease: Changing Perspectives on Anemia, Aldine de Gruyter, Hawthorne, New York, pp. 201–217.
Ubelaker, D. H. (1994). The biological impact of European contact in Ecuador. In Larsen, C. S., and Ubelaker, D.H. (eds.), In theWake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 147–160.
Ubelaker, D. H. (2000). Patterns of disease in early North American populations. In Haines, M. R., and Steckel, R. H. (eds.), A Population History of North America, Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 51–97.
Ubelaker, D. H., and Newson, L. A. (in press). Patterns of health and nutrition in prehistoric and historic Ecuador. In Steckel, R. H., and Rose, J. C. (eds.), The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, Cambridge University Press, New York.
Ungar, P. S. (1994). Incisor microwear of Sumatran anthropoid primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 94: 39–363.
Varner, J. G., and Varner, J. J. (trans.). (1980). The Florida of the Inca (by Garcilaso de la Vega), University of Texas Press, Austin.
Verano, J. W., and Ubelaker, D. H. (eds.). (1992). Disease and Demography in the Americas, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
Walker, P. L. (2001). A Spanish borderlands perspective on La Florida bioarchaeology. In Larsen, C. S. (ed.), Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida: The Impact of Colonialism, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Walker, P. L., and Johnson, J. R. (1994). The decline of the Chumash Indian population. In Larsen, C. S., and Milner, G. R. (eds.), In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 109–120.
Walker, P. L., Lambert, P., and DeNiro, M. J. (1989). The effects of European contact on the health of Alta California Indians. In Thomas, D.H. (ed.), Columbian Consequences, Vol. 2: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands East, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 349–364.
Weber, D. J. (1992). The Spanish Frontier in North America, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
Weisman, B. R. (1992). Excavations on the Franciscan Frontier: Archaeology of the Fig Springs Mission, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
White, C. D., Wright, L. E., and Pendergast, D. M. (1994). Biological disruption in the early Colonial period at Lamanai. In Larsen, C. S., and Milner, G. R. (eds.), In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest, Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 135–145.
Williamson, M. A. (1998). Regional Variation in Health and Lifeways Among Late Prehistoric Georgia Agriculturalists. PhD Dissertation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.
Wood, J.W., Milner, G. R., Harpending, H.C., and Weiss, K.M. (1992).The osteological paradox: Problems in inferring prehistoric health from skeletal samples. Current Anthropology 33: 343–358.
Worth, J. E. (1995). The Struggle for the Georgia Coast: An Eighteenth-Century Spanish Retrospective on Guale and Mocama. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, No. 75.
Worth, J. E. (1998). The Timucuan Chiefdoms of Spanish Florida (2 vol.), University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Worth, J. E. (2001).The ethnohistorical context of bioarchaeology in Spanish Florida. In Larsen, C. S. (ed.), Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida: The Impact of Colonialism, University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Wright, L. E. (1990). Stresses of conquest: A study ofWilson bands and enamel hypoplasias in the Maya of Lamanai, Belize. American Journal of Human Biology 2: 25–35.
Wright, L. E., and Chew, F. (1999). Porotic hyperostosis and paleoepidemiology: A forensic perspective on anemia among the ancient Maya. American Anthropologist 110: 924–939
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Larsen, C.S., Griffin, M.C., Hutchinson, D.L. et al. Frontiers of Contact: Bioarchaeology of Spanish Florida. Journal of World Prehistory 15, 69–123 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011180303211
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011180303211