Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-94d59 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-29T00:04:15.924Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 25 - Comorbidities with Epilepsy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2019

Vibhangini S. Wasade
Affiliation:
Henry Ford Medical Group HFHS, Michigan
Marianna V. Spanaki
Affiliation:
Wayne State University, Michigan
Get access

Summary

In this chapter, we present some of the common comorbidities frequently encountered in persons with epilepsy (PWE). We begin by examining the cognitive and behavioral issues, then focus on sleep disorders, headaches, and bone health, and end by discussing the topic of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). We hope that this chapter will assist physicians in providing better care to PWE.

Type
Chapter
Information
Understanding Epilepsy
A Study Guide for the Boards
, pp. 450 - 462
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aldenkamp, A, Arends, J. The relative influence of epileptic EEG discharges, short nonconvulsive seizures, and type of epilepsy on cognitive function. Epilepsia. 2004;45(1):5463.Google Scholar
Berg, AT, Zelko, FA, Levy, SR, Testa, FM. Age at onset of epilepsy, pharmacoresistance, and cognitive outcomes: a prospective cohort study. Neurology. 2012;79(13):13841391.Google Scholar
Berg, AT, Langfitt, JT, Testa, FM, et al. Global cognitive function in children with epilepsy: a community-based study. Epilepsia. 2008;49(4):608614.Google Scholar
Berg, AT, Smith, SN, Frobish, D, et al. Special education needs of children with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2005;47(11):749753.Google Scholar
Bjornaes, H, Stabell, K, Henriksen, O, Loyning, Y. The effects of refractory epilepsy on intellectual functioning in children and adults: a longitudinal study. Seizure. 2001;10(4):250259.Google Scholar
Ebus, S, Arends, J, Hendriksen, J, et al. Cognitive effects of interictal epileptiform discharges in children. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2012;16(6):697706.Google Scholar
Ebus, SC, IJ, DM, den Boer, JT, et al. Changes in the frequency of benign focal spikes accompany changes in central information processing speed: a prospective 2-year follow-up study. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;43:815.Google Scholar
Gascoigne, MB, Smith, ML, Barton, B, et al. Attention deficits in children with epilepsy: preliminary findings. Epilepsy Behav. 2017;67:712.Google Scholar
Loughman, A, Seneviratne, U, Bowden, SC, D’Souza, WJ. Epilepsy beyond seizures: predicting enduring cognitive dysfunction in genetic generalized epilepsies. Epilepsy Behav. 2016;62:297303.Google Scholar
Thompson, PJ, Duncan, JS. Cognitive decline in severe intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005;46(11):17801787.Google Scholar
Voltzenlogel, V, Vignal, JP, Hirsch, E, Manning, L. The influence of seizure frequency on anterograde and remote memory in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure. 2014;23(9):792798.Google Scholar
Camfield, CS, Camfield, PR. The adult seizure and social outcomes of children with partial complex seizures. Brain. 2013;136(Pt 2):593600.Google Scholar
Selassie, AW, Wilson, DA, Martz, GU, et al. Epilepsy beyond seizure: a population-based study of comorbidities. Epilepsy Res. 2014;108(2):305315.Google Scholar
Fazel, S, Wolf, A, Langstrom, N, Newton, CR, Lichtenstein, P. Premature mortality in epilepsy and the role of psychiatric comorbidity: a total population study. Lancet. 2013;382(9905):16461654.Google Scholar
Schraegle, WA, Titus, JB. The relationship of seizure focus with depression, anxiety, and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2017;68:115122.Google Scholar
Jones, JE, Hermann, BP, Barry, JJ, et al. Rates and risk factors for suicide, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts in chronic epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav. 2003;4(Suppl 3):S31–38.Google Scholar
Hesdorffer, DC, Ishihara, L, Webb, DJ, et al. Occurrence and recurrence of attempted suicide among people with epilepsy. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(1):8086.Google Scholar
Alper, K, Schwartz, KA, Kolts, RL, Khan, A. Seizure incidence in psychopharmacological clinical trials: an analysis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) summary basis of approval reports. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62(4):345354.Google Scholar
Foldvary, N. Sleep and epilepsy. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2002;4(2):129135.Google Scholar
Malow, BA. Sleep and epilepsy. Neurol Clin. 2005;23(4):11271147.Google Scholar
Gibbs, FA. Electroencephalography. Am J Psychiatry. 1947;103(4):519522.Google Scholar
Touchon, J, Baldy-Moulinier, M, Billiard, M, Besset, A, Cadilhac, J. Sleep organization and epilepsy. Epilepsy Res Suppl. 1991;2:7381.Google ScholarPubMed
Crespel, A, Baldy-Moulinier, M, Coubes, P. The relationship between sleep and epilepsy in frontal and temporal lobe epilepsies: practical and physiopathologic considerations. Epilepsia. 1998;39(2):150157.Google Scholar
Terzano, MG, Mancia, D, Salati, MR, et al. The cyclic alternating pattern as a physiologic component of normal NREM sleep. Sleep. 1985;8(2):137145.Google Scholar
Gigli, GL, Placidi, F, Diomedi, M, et al. Nocturnal sleep and daytime somnolence in untreated patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: changes after treatment with controlled-release carbamazepine. Epilepsia. 1997;38(6):696701.Google Scholar
Terzano, MG, Parrino, L, Spaggiari, MC, Barusi, R, Simeoni, S. Discriminatory effect of cyclic alternating pattern in focal lesional and benign rolandic interictal spikes during sleep. Epilepsia. 1991;32(5):616628.Google Scholar
Janz, D. The grand mal epilepsies and the sleeping-waking cycle. Epilepsia. 1962;3:69109.Google Scholar
Cohen, HB, Dement, WC. Sleep: suppression of rapid eye movement phase in the cat after electroconvulsive shock. Science. 1966;154(3747):396398.Google Scholar
Raol, YH, Meti, BL. Sleep-wakefulness alterations in amygdala-kindled rats. Epilepsia. 1998;39(11):11331137.Google Scholar
Rondouin, G, Baldy-Moulinier, M, Passouant, P. The influence of hippocampal kindling on sleep organization in cats. Effects of alpha-methylparatyrosine. Brain Res. 1980;181(2):413424.Google Scholar
Tanaka, T, Naquet, R. Kindling effect and sleep organization in cats. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1975;39(5):449454.Google Scholar
White, P, Dyken, M, Grant, P, Jackson, L. Electroencephalographic abnormalities during sleep as related to the temporal distribution of seizures. Epilepsia. 1962;3:167174.Google Scholar
Mattson, RH, Pratt, KL, Calverley, JR. Electroencephalograms of epileptics following sleep deprivation. Arch Neurol. 1965;13(3):310315.Google Scholar
Niedermeyer, E, Rocca, U. The diagnostic significance of sleep electroencephalograms in temporal lobe epilepsy: a comparison of scalp and depth tracings. Eur Neurol. 1972;7(1):119129.Google Scholar
Chabriat, H, Danchot, J, Michel, P, Joire, JE, Henry, P. Precipitating factors of headache: a prospective study in a national control-matched survey in migraineurs and nonmigraineurs. Headache. 1999;39(5):335338.Google Scholar
Tan, JH, Wilder-Smith, E, Lim, EC, Ong, BK. Frequency of provocative factors in epileptic patients admitted for seizures: a prospective study in Singapore. Seizure. 2005;14(7):464469.Google Scholar
Ezpeleta, D, Garcia-Pena, A, Peraita-Adrados, R. [Epilepsy and sleep apnea syndrome]. Rev Neurol. 1998;26(151):389392.Google Scholar
Devinsky, O, Ehrenberg, B, Barthlen, GM, Abramson, HS, Luciano, D. Epilepsy and sleep apnea syndrome. Neurology. 1994;44(11):20602064.Google Scholar
Wyler, AR, Weymuller, EA Jr. Epilepsy complicated by sleep apnea. Ann Neurol. 1981;9(4):403404.Google Scholar
Ehrenberg, B. Importance of sleep restoration in co-morbid disease: effect of anticonvulsants. Neurology. 2000;54(5 Suppl 1):S33–37.Google Scholar
Declerck, AC, Martens, WL, Wauquier, A. Evaluation of the effects of antiepileptic drugs on sleep-wakefulness patterns following 1 night total sleep deprivation in epileptic patients. Neuropsychobiology. 1985;13(4):201205.Google Scholar
Shouse, MN, da Silva, AM, Sammaritano, M. Circadian rhythm, sleep, and epilepsy. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1996;13(1):3250.Google Scholar
Janz, D. Epilepsy with grand mal on awakening and sleep-waking cycle. Clin Neurophysiol. 2000;111(Suppl 2):S103–110.Google Scholar
Oakley, CB, Kossoff, EH. Migraine and epilepsy in the pediatric population. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(3):402.Google Scholar
Forderreuther, S, Henkel, A, Noachtar, S, Straube, A. Headache associated with epileptic seizures: epidemiology and clinical characteristics. Headache. 2002;42(7):649655.Google Scholar
Ludvigsson, P, Hesdorffer, D, Olafsson, E, Kjartansson, O, Hauser, WA. Migraine with aura is a risk factor for unprovoked seizures in children. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(1):210213.Google Scholar
Ottman, R, Lipton, RB. Comorbidity of migraine and epilepsy. Neurology. 1994;44(11):21052110.Google Scholar
Kelley, SA, Hartman, AL, Kossoff, EH. Comorbidity of migraine in children presenting with epilepsy to a tertiary care center. Neurology. 2012;79(5):468473.Google Scholar
Cai, S, Hamiwka, LD, Wirrell, EC. Peri-ictal headache in children: prevalence and character. Pediatr Neurol. 2008;39(2):9196.Google Scholar
Rogawski, MA. Common pathophysiologic mechanisms in migraine and epilepsy. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(6):709714.Google Scholar
Ryan, DP, Ptacek, LJ. Episodic neurological channelopathies. Neuron. 2010;68(2):282292.Google Scholar
Yorns, WR Jr., Hardison, HH. Mitochondrial dysfunction in migraine. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2013;20(3):188193.Google Scholar
Valmadrid, C, Voorhees, C, Litt, B, Schneyer, CR. Practice patterns of neurologists regarding bone and mineral effects of antiepileptic drug therapy. Arch Neurol. 2001;58(9):13691374.Google Scholar
Vestergaard, P. Epilepsy, osteoporosis and fracture risk – a meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2005;112(5):277286.Google Scholar
Tekgul, H, Serdaroglu, G, Huseyinov, A, Gokben, S. Bone mineral status in pediatric outpatients on antiepileptic drug monotherapy. J Child Neurol. 2006;21(5):411414.Google Scholar
Ensrud, KE, Walczak, TS, Blackwell, TL, et al. Antiepileptic drug use and rates of hip bone loss in older men: a prospective study. Neurology. 2008;71(10):723730.Google Scholar
Ensrud, KE, Walczak, TS, Blackwell, T, et al. Antiepileptic drug use increases rates of bone loss in older women: a prospective study. Neurology. 2004;62(11):20512057.Google Scholar
Sheth, RD, Binkley, N, Hermann, BP. Progressive bone deficit in epilepsy. Neurology. 2008;70(3):170176.Google Scholar
Sheth, RD, Binkley, N, Hermann, BP. Gender differences in bone mineral density in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2008;49(1):125131.Google Scholar
El-Hajj Fuleihan, G, Dib, L, Yamout, B, Sawaya, R, Mikati, MA. Predictors of bone density in ambulatory patients on antiepileptic drugs. Bone. 2008;43(1):149155.Google Scholar
Vestergaard, P. Changes in bone turnover, bone mineral and fracture risk induced by drugs used to treat epilepsy. Curr Drug Saf. 2008;3(3):168172.Google Scholar
Pack, AM, Walczak, TS. Bone health in women with epilepsy: clinical features and potential mechanisms. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2008;83:305328.Google Scholar
Timperlake, RW, Cook, SD, Thomas, KA, et al. Effects of anticonvulsant drug therapy on bone mineral density in a pediatric population. J Pediatr Orthop. 1988;8(4):467470.Google Scholar
Farhat, G, Yamout, B, Mikati, MA, et al. Effect of antiepileptic drugs on bone density in ambulatory patients. Neurology. 2002;58(9):13481353.Google Scholar
Chou, IJ, Lin, KL, Wang, HS, Wang, CJ. Evaluation of bone mineral density in children receiving carbamazepine or valproate monotherapy. Acta Paediatr Taiwan. 2007;48(6):317322.Google Scholar
Albaghdadi, O, Alhalabi, MS, Alourfi, Z, Youssef, LA. Bone health and vitamin D status in young epilepsy patients on valproate monotherapy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2016;146:5256.Google Scholar
Heaney, RP. Vitamin D: criteria for safety and efficacy. Nutr Rev. 2008;66(10 Suppl 2):S178–181.Google Scholar
Drezner, MK. Treatment of anticonvulsant drug-induced bone disease. Epilepsy Behav. 2004;5(Suppl 2):S41–47.Google Scholar
Shankar, R, Cox, D, Jalihal, V, et al. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): development of a safety checklist. Seizure. 2013;22(10):812817.Google Scholar
Nashef, L, Sander, JW. Sudden unexpected deaths in epilepsy – where are we now? Seizure. 1996;5(3):235238.Google Scholar
Thurman, DJ, Hesdorffer, DC, French, JA. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: assessing the public health burden. Epilepsia. 2014;55(10):14791485.Google Scholar
Nashef, L. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: terminology and definitions. Epilepsia. 1997;38(11 Suppl):S6–8.Google Scholar
Nashef, L, So, EL, Ryvlin, P, Tomson, T. Unifying the definitions of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2012;53(2):227233.Google Scholar
Holst, AG, Winkel, BG, Risgaard, B, et al. Epilepsy and risk of death and sudden unexpected death in the young: a nationwide study. Epilepsia. 2013;54(9):16131620.Google Scholar
Langan, Y, Nashef, L, Sander, JW. Case-control study of SUDEP. Neurology. 2005;64(7):11311133.Google Scholar
Hesdorffer, DC, Tomson, T, Benn, E, et al. Do antiepileptic drugs or generalized tonic-clonic seizure frequency increase SUDEP risk?: a combined analysis. Epilepsia. 2012;53(2):249252.Google Scholar
Nilsson, L, Farahmand, BY, Persson, PG, Thiblin, I, Tomson, T. Risk factors for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a case-control study. Lancet. 1999;353(9156):888893.Google Scholar
Berg, AT, Nickels, K, Wirrell, EC, et al. Mortality risks in new-onset childhood epilepsy. Pediatrics. 2013;132(1):124131.Google Scholar
Devinsky, O. Sudden, unexpected death in epilepsy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(19):18011811.Google Scholar
Yang, YJ, Yao, X, Guo, J, et al. Interstitial deletion 5q14.3q21.3 associated with lethal epilepsy. Am J Med Genet A. 2015;167A(4):866871.Google Scholar
Veeramah, KR, O’Brien, JE, Meisler, MH, et al. De novo pathogenic SCN8A mutation identified by whole-genome sequencing of a family quartet affected by infantile epileptic encephalopathy and SUDEP. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90(3):502510.Google Scholar
Shannon, P, Pennacchio, LA, Houseweart, MK, Minassian, BA, Myers, RM. Neuropathological changes in a mouse model of progressive myoclonus epilepsy: cystatin B deficiency and Unverricht-Lundborg disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2002;61(12):10851091.Google Scholar
Glasscock, E. Genomic biomarkers of SUDEP in brain and heart. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;38:172179.Google Scholar
Chyou, JY, Friedman, D, Cerrone, M, et al. Electrocardiographic features of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2016;57(7):e135–139.Google Scholar
Surges, R, Adjei, P, Kallis, C, et al. Pathologic cardiac repolarization in pharmacoresistant epilepsy and its potential role in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: a case-control study. Epilepsia. 2010;51(2):233242.Google Scholar
Brotherstone, R, Blackhall, B, McLellan, A. Lengthening of corrected QT during epileptic seizures. Epilepsia. 2010;51(2):221232.Google Scholar
Bagnall, RD, Crompton, DE, Petrovski, S, et al. Exome-based analysis of cardiac arrhythmia, respiratory control, and epilepsy genes in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Ann Neurol. 2016;79(4):522534.Google Scholar
Hajek, MA, Buchanan, GF. Influence of vigilance state on physiological consequences of seizures and seizure-induced death in mice. J Neurophysiol. 2016;115(5):22862293.Google Scholar
Buchanan, GF, Murray, NM, Hajek, MA, Richerson, GB. Serotonin neurones have anti-convulsant effects and reduce seizure-induced mortality. J Physiol. 2014;592(19):43954410.Google Scholar
Ryvlin, P, Nashef, L, Lhatoo, SD, et al. Incidence and mechanisms of cardiorespiratory arrests in epilepsy monitoring units (MORTEMUS): a retrospective study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(10):966977.Google Scholar
Tsai, CY, Chan, JY, Hsu, KS, Chang, AY, Chan, SH. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor ameliorates brain stem cardiovascular dysregulation during experimental temporal lobe status epilepticus. PLoS One. 2012;7(3):e33527.Google Scholar
Zhan, Q, Buchanan, GF, Motelow, JE, et al. Impaired serotonergic brainstem function during and after seizures. J Neurosci. 2016;36(9):27112722.Google Scholar
Shen, HY, Li, T, Boison, D. A novel mouse model for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): role of impaired adenosine clearance. Epilepsia. 2010;51(3):465468.Google Scholar
P-Codrea Tigaran, S, Dalager-Pedersen, S, Baandrup, U, Dam, M, Vesterby-Charles, A. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: is death by seizures a cardiac disease? Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2005;26(2):99105.Google Scholar
Thom, M, Michalak, Z, Wright, G, et al. Audit of practice in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) post mortems and neuropathological findings. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2016;42(5):463476.Google Scholar
Rugg-Gunn, F, Duncan, J, Hjalgrim, H, Seyal, M, Bateman, L. From unwitnessed fatality to witnessed rescue: Nonpharmacologic interventions in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2016;57(Suppl 1):2634.Google Scholar
Friedman, D, Donner, EJ, Stephens, D, Wright, C, Devinsky, O. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: knowledge and experience among U.S. and Canadian neurologists. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;35:1318.Google Scholar
Miller, WR, Young, N, Friedman, D, Buelow, JM, Devinsky, O. Discussing sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) with patients: practices of health-care providers. Epilepsy Behav. 2014;32:3841.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×