Diagnosis of the multiple effect of selenium nanoparticles decorated by Asteriscus graveolens components in inhibiting HepG2 cell proliferation
Graphical abstract
Introduction
The malignant type of Human Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) is one of the most common cancers type and Prevalent around the world. Because of its high activity and its ability to change its resistance to pharmaceutical drugs, chemotherapy were inserted as a powerful way to combat it in clinical treatment (Kapur et al., 2017). But as usual, this treatment has encountered some problems and deficiencies such as toxicity of drug, unregular distribution of drug, little aqueous solubilit, short circulation half-life, Inaccuracy 100%, which all together leading to loss the chemotherapy efficacy (Kanaiet al, 2012). Thus, the researchers worked to find a more effective and accurate treatment method to deliver the treatment and targeting of cancer cells, and that was by use of nanomaterials (Akhilesh et al., 2014). Nanoparticles (NPs) properties were used due to its accurate, clean, cheap, easy fabricate and as a selective drug delivery system, where offered a novel approach due to its pharmacokinetic behaviours. Thus, many nanomaterial's including (Se-NPs) have been developed as new selective cancer therapy (Sailor and Park, 2012).
In the human body, Selenium works as a cofactor and essential trace element for many metabolic processes due to the presence in certain enzyme structures such as in vivo selenoproteins (Juan Zhang et al., 2004). So, focusing on Selenium over the past two decades got high considerable attention because of its obvious health benefits especially with regard to cancer prevention, but the margin of activity and toxicity was very narrow (Cruz et al., 2019). Nano-selenium have many attractive properties such as excellent biological behaviour and little toxicity compared with organic and inorganic Selenium (Nguyen et al., 2017). Recent studies about Selenium nanostructure (Se - NPs) shown that have strong bioactivities, in particular, antitumour (Liuet al, 2018). Currently, methods such as chemical reduction, laser, sonochemical processes and microwave decrease are the key processes for nanoselenium preparedness (Ruttkay-nedecky et al., 2018). But unfortunately, many problems still exist with all these methods, such as using toxic chemicals, ultrasound, and radiation (Gangadoo et al., 2017). A green method for synthesizing Se - NPs is, therefore, was Necessary urgently needed (Journal et al., 2016). So, In last years, large numbers of the advanced research for the fabrication of nanoparticles and that through recycle organic and inorganic resources was developed as a strong alternative to physical and chemical methods, and one of these sources was bio-components of the plants (Zhanget al, 2019). The components of the biotic plant have given a strong impetus to researchers by making it an important source of nanoparticle synthesis and decorating it then use as a therapeutic source for many of the cancers intractable diseases (F and Jafarizadeh-Malmiri, 2019). And one of these plants is Asteriscus graveolens plant, which is a Middle Eastern medicinal plant, usually used in traditional medicine against inflammation, antifungal, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti tumours (Tayeh et al., 2018). Many recorded reports showed that cancer cells can internalize functional Se-NPs via endocytosis and then cause cell apoptosis by causing apoptotic signals. For example, polysaccharide-protein complex (PRW) adorned Se-NPs have been shown to considerably inhibit the development of A549 cells through apoptosis induction and phase arrest of G2/M (Wuet al, 2013). Also, Se-NPs were adorned with folate-chitosan to form FAC@CurP – Se-NPs that might inhibit MCF-7 cell growth through apoptosis (Yanxian Feng et al., 2014). Also, inducing both of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of cancer cells apoptosis have been reported through conjugating of transferrin-Se-NPs loaded with doxorubicin which showed unparalleled enhanced anticancer affection (Huanget al, 2013). Moreover, folate-decorate Se-NPs might inhibit the expression of ABC family proteins in R-HepG2 cells through antagonizing multidrug resistance (Liu et al., 2015). As well as, farther evidence that Se-NPs have a high anticancer impact, where noted that Se-NPs adorned with trolox, 11- mercapto-1-undecanol may reverse cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity (Yinghua Li et al., 2013).
And at last, in this research, a new, cheap and clean Se-NPs decorated by bio-molecules was designed from components of an available plant source. Where, his safe effect on non-nalyze the blood cells were explored while achieving high active therapeutic effect on apoptosis of HepG2 cells and evaluate his cytotoxic mechanism through pathways of ROS, MMP, GSH, LPO and also role it on DNA damage through arresting of cell cycle phases.
Section snippets
Materials and method
In this study, freshly green aerial part of the Asteriscus graveolens was collected from jarbot village-Zeebaree region/Akre/Kurdistan of Iraq. All material and dyes use are pure with no more purification or standardized was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich comp. HepG2 cells line was purchased from Labs of Ibn Al Atheer Hospital - Thalassemia Dept. of Cancer Research - Mosul/Iraq ]Origin: American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, VA, Manassas)[. All data were included in this research in percentages
Designing of Se-NPs
Reducing of selenium ion by the clean method using aqueous extract of the plant considered one of the highest selectivity processes for the fabrication of Se-NPs. It's clean, cheap, non-toxic and easy obtain and involve many efficiencies. One of these efficiencies was obtaining a green powder (Fig. 2b) with a net weight of the precipitate 0.28 g, produced from adding 25 mL of Asteriscus graveolens extract to 75 mL of the aqueous solution of 0.01 M Selenous acid, to be used as catalytic for
Conclusion
Ours investigate in this study proofed that the bio-components in the aerial part of Asteriscus graveolens extract showed clean capability and high responsibility of producing Se-NPs through by wrapping it and decorating its surface at ambient temperature. Where the process of reduction and decoration of Se-NPs was confirmed by confirmed analysis spectroscopy measurements represented by pH changing, UV–Vis., FT-IR and XPs. The designed morphology (nature, size and shape) of the formed Se-NPs
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known Conflict of Interest interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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