Adaptability evaluation of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars on the Loess Plateau of China

doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.03.003

Plant Science

Volume 181, Issue 6, December 2011, Pages 638-643

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.03.003 Get rights and content

Abstract

In the study, the growth traits, photosynthesis and morphology characteristics of several cultivars of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) have been assessed the yield potential and adaptability in diverse environments (Yangling, Dingbian of Shaanxi province, Guyuan of Ningxia) on the Loess Plateau of China. Alamo was the best adapted switchgrass cultivar for biomass production in Yangling with dry matter (DM) yields of 44.22 t/ha; Illinois USA and Cave-in-Rock grown at Guyuan had DM yield of 10.59 t/ha and 9.36 t/ha, respectively. Similarly, Cave-in-Rock in Dingbian performed better than others except the lowland cultivars (Alamo and Kanlow), which could not overcome cold stress at Guyuan and Dingbian. Moreover, Cave-in-Rock and Nebraska 28 has the highest photosynthesis rate which reflects its high productivity. Nebraska 28 and Pathfinder shown strong drought tolerance due to their higher WUE. It appears that the upland cultivars with high ploidy (e.g. 8n) would have better establishment than lowland varieties there. Optimal mown management seems to enhance the growth and productivity of switchgrass. Morphological characteristics were further studied using light-and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Silica particles, vacuole size and other traits in switchgrass tissues (stem, leaf and root), as well as trichomes (leaf) showed that Cave-in-Rock and Pathfinder had larger stoma area, up to 824.4 μm² and 770.1 μm², respectively. Silica particle length was the longest in Pathfinder and shortest in Cave-in-Rock. There was a highest density of silica particles in cv. Forestberg, and lowest in Cave-in-Rock and Pathfinder. The morphological characters seemed to be associated with their ploidy levels and the arid habitat from which they were selected. Therefore, if switchgrass is to be introduced and extended on the Loess Plateau of China, Cave-in-Rock and other upland cultivars with a high chromosome ploidy might be optimal choices for biomass plants.

Highlights

► The growth traits, photosynthesis and morphology characteristics of switchgrass have been assessed for adaptability on the loess plateau of China. ► The upland cultivars with high ploidy would have better establishment than lowland varieties. ► The morphological characters seemed to be associated with their ploidy levels. ► Cave-in-Rock and other upland cultivars might be optimal choices for biomass production in this area.

Introduction

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a warm-season perennial grass indigenous to North America with excellent potential as a bioenergy crop. Switchgrass is highly productive and is adaptable to different environments. Switchgrass increases biomass with the growth-year, and has maximum yield in the third year and beyond [1]. Switchgrass ploidy (2n = 2x = 18) varies from dodecaploid (2n = 12x = 108) to tetraploid [2], [3]. Switchgrass is also divided into two ecotypes: upland and the lowland ecotypes. Generally, the upland cultivars are sextuploids and octaploids, whereas the lowland cultivars are tetraploids [3], [4], [5].

Upland switchgrass has thin procumbent stems and is 1.5–2 m tall. It is adaptable to arid regions. Lowland switchgrass is more adapted for growth in wet conditions, where it reaches 3–4 m height [6]. The United States Department of Energy identified switchgrass as a cellulosic feedstock in the 1990s owing to high biomass and low ash [7] where it is still being developed.

Cultivated switchgrass could enhance the biodiversity of local forage. The main desirable property for forage plants is yield; ecological adaptability has not been strongly considered. Adaptability to arid and semi-arid environments such as the Loess Plateau of China has been investigated. Several forage species were introduced there by Professor Nobumasa Ichizen from Japan in 1990s, among which only switchgrass has survived [8], [9].

A great number of studies have focused on the morphology and biological characteristics of switchgrass [5] as well as its forage yield [1], biomass yield [10], [11] quality [12], variation [13], [14], genetic variability, phenotypic plasticity [15], [16], chromosome number, and nuclear DNA content [17]. A comparative study was conducted for growth and performance in upland and lowland switchgrass types to water and nitrogen stress [18]. However, other than this study, switchgrass has received little attention in China. In our research, cell morphology and physiology were analyzed and ecological agricultural adaptability of switchgrass was assessed at several sites on the Loess Plateau of China.

Section snippets

Natural condition of experimental areas

The field experiments were conducted in three different locations: (1) Ecological Station of Guyuan (latitude 35°59′–36°02′N, longitude 106°26′–106°30′E), Hechuan town, Guyuan city, Ningxia Province of China. Hechuan is located in the loess hilly and ridges region with mean altitude of about 1750 m. It has a mean temperature of 7 °C, the average rainfall of 350 mm, active accumulated temperature (≥10 °C)of 2573 °C per year, and a frost-free period of 152 days. Here the vegetation is typical grassy

The survival status of switchgrass

Ten cultivars of switchgrass were sown in April, 2006, and all of them survived the next year in Yangling and most survived in Guyuan, with the exception of tetraploid lowland varieties Alamo and Kanlow, which were apparently not sufficiently cold tolerant. In Dingbian, all cultivars were sown in May, 2009, and the same pattern of survival was observed compared with those in Guyuan. The lowland cultivars originated at the lower latitudes and in the southeastern USA [19]. The lowland ecotype of

Acknowledgments

The work was supported by the State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dry land Farming on Loess Plateau (Project number 10502-Z7-3) and partially funded by Ningxia-Shaanxi cooperation project (Project number 201009). The authors would like to thank Professor Neal Stewart of The University of Tennessee, USA for his many productive advices and dedicated efforts to edit the paper.

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¹: These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Adaptability evaluation of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars on the Loess Plateau of China

Abstract

Highlights

Introduction

Section snippets

Natural condition of experimental areas

The survival status of switchgrass

Acknowledgments

Bioresour. Technol.

Energy Convers. Manage.

Biomass Bioenergy

Bioresour. Technol.

Biomass Bioenergy

Bioresour. Technol.

Planting and Managing Switchgrass for Forage, Wildlife, and Conservation

Analysis of variation in Panicum virgatum

J. Agric. Res.

Chloroplast DNA content and nuclear DNA content variations among cultivars of switchgrass Panicum virgatum L.

Crop Sci.

DNA content and chloroplast DNA polymorphisms among switchgrass from remnant Midwestern prairies

Crop Sci.

Cytological and morphological variation in Panicum virgatum L.

Southwest. Nat.

Switchgrass, big bluestem and Indian grass

Cumulative energy and global warming impact from the production of biomass for biobased products

J. Ind. Ecol.

Screening of weeds for vegetation recovery in a pasture in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau in China

Weed Res. Jpn.

Impacts of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) planting on soil erosion in the hills of the Loess Plateau in China

Weed Biol. Manag.

Analysis of variation in Panicum virgatum L.

J. Agric. Res.

Variability among high plains populations of Panicum virgatum

Bull. Torrey Botan. Club

Genetic variability and phenotypic plasticity in flowering phenology in populations of two grasses

J. Torrey Botan. Soc.

Genotypic variability and genotype × environment interactions among switchgrass accessions from the Midwestern USA

Crop Sci.

Chromosome number and nuclear DNA content of several switchgrass populations

Crop Sci.

Genotype effects and genotype by environment interactions for traits of elite switchgrass populations

Crop Sci.

Leaf appearance rate and final leaf number of switchgrass cultivars

Crop Sci.

Switchgrass: forage yield, forage quality, and water-use efficiency

J. Range Manage.

Biomass yield and stand characteristic of switchgrass in south Central U.S. environments

Crop Sci.

Effects of planting depth and soil texture on the emergence of four lovegrass

J. Range Mange.

Soil type and moisture level on Alamo switchgrass emergence and seeding growth

Crop Sci.

Forage establishment, weed management