Use of zeolite and industrial waste materials in high strength concrete – A review

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Abstract

Concrete is widely used in construction material by the construction industry. It is considered as a vital material because of its properties. Different grades of concrete (M10, M20, M30, M40, M50, M60 and M70) are used in construction and are chosen based on the requirements. Higher grade concrete requires cement of different properties. The manufacturing process of cement, releases a huge amount of Carbon footprints. To reduce the emission of CO2, usage of virgin cement can be minimized by partially replacing with pozzolanic materials or industrial wastes like zeolite, metakaolin, silica fume and fly ash. These materials improve the durability and strength of concrete by filling the pores and reduce the porosity and permeability of the concrete without compromising on the desired properties. For sustainable development and protecting the environment, enormous research has been done on concrete by using various industrial waste materials. This article is a state-of-the-art review of research on the use of industrial waste materials to produce High Strength Concrete (HSC). Different materials were studied to prepare HSC by using distinct methods. Different experimental tests were conducted on concrete when cement is partially replaced with industrial waste materials and are compared with conventional concrete. It is observed that the partial replacement of cement with zeolite, metakaolin, fly ash, and silica fume, the properties of concrete increases up to certain age and mixing proportions when compared to conventional concrete. It is observed that there is limited research was done on zeolite with the combination of industrial waste materials for health analysis of the structures at different w/c ratios for large production. So, further investigation is needed on the technical, environmental, economic aspects and educating the public through the use of industrial waste materials as a sustainable approach.

Introduction

For decades in the construction industry, concrete and its constituents are widely used. Though there is much significance of construction materials, but it shows the potential challenges as well as consequences by overuse of these concrete materials [1], [2]. The main challenges are lack of availability of aggregates, cost-effectiveness, CO2 emission impact on the environment due to cement production and waste generation by demolition. So, research on concrete when cement is partially replaced with silica fume, zeolite [3], fly ash [4], [5], [6], and metakaolin [7] was done. The concrete mix proportions of high strength concrete were designed according to the ACI method and the guidelines provided in ACI 211.1 (ACI, 1991) [8], [9]. Concrete mix proportions were designed to reach compressive strengths that exceed 60 MPa when cured with water immersion method for 28 days. The compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of hardened concrete were tested [10], [11], [12].

Section snippets

Review of research on the utilization of industrial waste materials to produce concrete

The extensive research on the utilization of cementitious materials [13], [14] to prepare concrete can be divided into different categories based on the material used: metakaolin [15], [16], [17], [18], zeolite [19], silica fume, fly ash and as detailed below.

Test on concrete

Concrete is tested most commonly by the compressive strength test. The reason behind this is to understand the fact that this test is relatively inexpensive and easy too. From the past many decades' concrete technology made many changes in bringing HSC which has been started using for new construction material. Different tests can be conducted on hardened concrete like compressive strength test for cube, split tensile test for cylinders, and flexural test for beams where single point load,

Discussion

From the study it was observed that, natural zeolite and various industrial waste materials can be used as an alternative material for the replacement of cement.

The following Table 3 shows the summary of types of materials – replacement of cement in percentage of weight – tests conducted on concrete – effect on concrete by using the material-number of curing days of concrete in previous research works.

Conclusion

In brief, these studies summarized the possible usage of a variety of alternative materials for cement in concrete. Although the use of zeolite, fly ash, metakaolin, and silica fume materials individually as partial replacement of cement could increase strength and durability till certain percentage replacement but further mixing leads to a reduction in some properties of concrete like workability, water penetration, freeze–thaw resistance and drying shrinkage of concrete. As mentioned by the

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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