Regular ArticleRed carbon dots-based phosphors for white light-emitting diodes with color rendering index of 92
Graphical abstract
Introduction
White light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) indicate a promising future in replacing the traditional lighting sources, since they are long-lived, eco-friendly and energy-saving [1], [2], [3], [4]. Currently, the most common path of manufacturing the WLEDs is based on phosphors and the blue light-emitting InGaN chip [5]. The phosphors are used as color conversion layer to convert the blue emission of the InGaN chip into other emission color, and then the residual non-absorbed blue light and emission from phosphors mix to form white light [6]. Thereby, phosphors, as a significant part of WLEDs, play a pivotal role in determining the performance of WLEDs, such as color rendering index (CRI), correlated color temperature (CCT), Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinate, luminous efficiency, and so forth [7], [8], [9]. At present, commercial phosphors are based on the nonrenewable rare-earth materials, while the exploitation of them would often cause the concerns of environmental destruction [10]. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) were proposed to be potential alternative as color conversion layer for fabricating WLEDs in the past decade, but the high-performance QDs are often composed of heavy metal elements, such as Cd and Pb, leading to toxicity concerns [11], [12], [13]. Perovskite QDs, as an emerging luminescent material, are also expected to be applied for WLEDs. However, their photoluminescent (PL) property could be seriously quenched due to the anion-exchange reaction when being exposed in the air, which restricts their applications as phosphors [14]. Therefore, exploring alternative luminescent materials is an important research avenue to promote the development of LEDs [15], [16].
Carbon dots (CDs), an emerging class of carbon-based luminescent nanomaterials, have drawn more and more attention in recent years owing to their outstanding properties, such as chemical stability [17], [18], [19], biocompatibility [20], [21], [22], photostability [23], [24], [25], [26], low toxicity [27], [28], [29], [30] and so forth. Because of those distinct merits, CDs could be applied in extensive fields, such as drug delivery, solar cell, optoelectronic devices, bioimaging, and so on [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40], [41], [42], [43], [44]. Besides, CDs have shown potential to be as a color conversion layer for WLEDs due to their strong luminescence [45]. However, efficient CDs-based phosphors are difficult to achieve, which could be understood in terms of the aggregation-induced luminescence quenching of CDs in the aggregated state [46]. To overcome this problem, several suitable matrices are utilized to ensure the monodispersity of CDs in the solid state, resulting in highly luminescent solid-state materials. For instance, Rogach et al. embedded CDs into polymethylmethacrylate to form luminescent phosphors, and combined the phosphors with ultraviolet (UV) chips to fabricate LEDs [37]. Similarly, in our previous work, CDs were dispersed on the surface of starch, ensuring the monodispersity of CDs and therewith the strong PL emission, which could be used as the color conversion layer for cool WLEDs with CCT of 9892 K [45]. Despite the successes in fabricating LEDs, these approaches still own several limitations for realizing practical illumination. Ideal WLEDs-based illumination source should be based on blue-emitting InGaN chips instead of ultraviolet light to avoid the harm of UV light to the human health [9]. Meanwhile, owing to the lack of efficient red emissive CDs-based phosphors, current CDs-based WLEDs possess low CRI and high CCT, which is not favorable to present the true apparent color [47]. Consequently, it is of great scientific interest and value to develop more efficient routes to prepare CDs-based phosphors for high performance WLEDs with high CRI.
In this work, we prepared red emissive CDs-based phosphors through embedding red emissive CDs (r-CDs) into polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The as-prepared r-CDs@PVP phosphors exhibit a red emission located at 648 nm and high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of 25% under 532 nm excitation, which could be ascribed to the plentiful electron-acceptor group (CO) of PVP. Additionally, green emissive phosphors based on green emissive CDs (g-CDs) were synthesized [45], which possess strong PL emission centered at 532 nm with PLQYs of 36% under 450 nm light. These CDs-based phosphors exhibit good photostability and structural stability. Based on these advantages, these two phosphors were deposited successively on the InGaN chip of LEDs in order of decreasing PL emission wavelength. In the WLEDs prototype, blue emission (450 nm) of InGaN chip first excite the g-CDs@starch phosphors to emit green light (532 nm), and then r-CDs@PVP phosphors are excited to generate red light, leading to a broad spectrum emission and thereby achieving WLEDs with high CRI of 92 (Fig. 1).
Section snippets
Results and discussion
Experimentally, g-CDs are prepared from citric acid and urea by the microwave-assisted heating method [45]. Under sunlight, the diluted solution of g-CDs presents primrose yellow, indicating a strong absorbance of blue light, which is further confirmed by UV–vis absorption spectrum (Fig. S1a). Under 450 nm excitation, g-CDs solution shows strong green emission located at 532 nm (Fig. S1a and b). As shown in Fig. S1c, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) shows that the
Conclusions
On the basis of the previous researches, this work has indicated that WLEDs with high color rendition can be realized from r-CDs [33], [37], [45], [53]. The role of PVP in the preparation process of r-CDs@PVP phosphors inhibited the aggregation of r-CDs in the solid state, thus overcoming the aggregation-induced solid-state luminescence quenching. Furthermore, the carbonyl group of PVP as the electron-acceptor group is capable of modifying the surface of the r-CDs, thereby obtaining red
Materials
Starch (98%), urea (99%), citric acid (99.5%) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP, average mol. Wt. 10,000) were purchased from Gufu, Macklin, and Aladdin, respectively. N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, 99.5%), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 99.5%), and ethanol (99.7%) were purchased from Tianjin Fuyu Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH, 96%) and hydrochloric acid (HCl, 36%) were purchased from Tianjin Guangfu Technology Development Co., Ltd. and Beijing Chemical Works, respectively.
Author contributions
The manuscript was written through contributions of all authors. All authors have given approval to the final version of the manuscript.
Acknowledgment
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (projects No. 51602304), Jilin Province Science and Technology Research (projects No. 20160520008JH, 20150519003JH, 20140101060JC, 20170101191JC, 20170101042JC), and the Open Project Program of the State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials in Jilin University (No. sklssm201810).
References (55)
- et al.
Fluorescent chemosensor for pyridine based on N-doped carbon dots
J. Colloid Interface Sci.
(2015) - et al.
Highly efficient degradation of dyes by carbon quantum dots/N-doped zinc oxide (CQD/N-ZnO) photocatalyst and its compatibility on three different commercial dyes under daylight
J. Colloid Interface Sci.
(2015) - et al.
Fluorescent carbon dot modified mesoporous silica nanocarriers for redox-responsive controlled drug delivery and bioimaging
J. Colloid Interface Sci.
(2016) - et al.
Preparation, characterization and oxygen sensing properties of luminescent carbon dots assembled mesoporous silica microspheres
J. Colloid Interface Sci.
(2016) - et al.
Solid-state lighting on glass
Nat. Photonics
(2011) - et al.
Solid-state single-photon emitters
Nat. Photonics
(2016) Red phosphor converts white LEDs
Nat. Photonics
(2014)- et al.
Extremely high-efficiency and ultrasimplified hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes exploiting double multifunctional blue emitting layers
Light: Sci. Appl.
(2016) - et al.
A single Eu2+-activated high-color-rendering oxychloride white-light phosphor for white-light-emitting diodes
Light: Sci. Appl.
(2016) - et al.
Narrow-band red-emitting Sr[LiAl3N4]:Eu2+ as a next-generation LED-phosphor material
Nat. Mater.
(2014)
Ca1-xLixAl1-xSi1-xN3:Eu2+ solid solutions as broadband, color-tunable and thermally robust red phosphors for superior color rendition white light-emitting diodes
Light: Sci. Appl.
Semiconductor-nanocrystals-based white light-emitting diodes
Small
Electrically driven, phosphor-free, white light-emitting diodes using gallium nitride-based double concentric truncated pyramid structures
Light: Sci. Appl.
Hybrid remote quantum dot/powder phosphor designs for display backlights
Light: Sci. Appl.
White-light-emitting diodes with quantum dot color converters for display backlights
Adv. Mater.
Colloidal nanocrystals embedded in macrocrystals: methods and applications
J Phys. Chem. Lett.
Efficient and stable white LEDs with silica-coated inorganic perovskite quantum dots
Adv. Mater.
Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
One-step synthesis of highly luminescent carbon dots in noncoordinating solvents
Chem. Mater.
Aspirin-based carbon dots, a good biocompatibility of material applied for bioimaging and anti-inflammation
ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
Carbon quantum dots and applications in photocatalytic energy conversion
ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
Tailoring color emissions from N-doped graphene quantum dots for bioimaging applications
Light: Sci. Appl.
Carbon-dot-decorated carbon nitride nanoparticles for enhanced photodynamic therapy against hypoxic tumor via water splitting
ACS Nano
Photoluminescent carbon nanostructures
Chem. Mater.
One-pot gram-scale synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur embedded organic dots with distinctive fluorescence behaviors in free and aggregated states
Chem. Mater.
Self-assembly and shape control of hybrid nanocarriers based on calcium carbonate and carbon nanodots
Chem. Mater.
Cited by (55)
Recent advances in solid-state fluorescent of red carbon dots: A comprehensive review
2024, Journal of Alloys and CompoundsA review of fluorescent carbon dots: synthesis, photoluminescence mechanism, solid-state photoluminescence and applications in white light-emitting diodes
2023, Xinxing Tan Cailiao/New Carbon MaterialsRecent developments of Red/NIR carbon dots in biosensing, bioimaging, and tumor theranostics
2023, Chemical Engineering JournalDual emissive carbon dots: Synthesis strategies, properties and its ratiometric sensing applications
2023, Nano-Structures and Nano-ObjectsRational preparation of anti-water phosphorescent carbon-dots and flake C<inf>3</inf>N<inf>4</inf> composites through microwave-heating method for multiple data encryption
2022, Journal of LuminescenceCitation Excerpt :Fig. 1a shows that the morphology of CDs was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution TEM (HRTEM). The diameters of the CDs range from 1 to 3 nm, and HRTEM reveals the lattice fringes to be 0.21 nm, which is consistent with (100) lattice planes of graphitic carbon [40]. The fluorescence excitation-emission map of CD aqueous solution was shown in Fig. 1b, which has a green emitting center.