THP-1 cell line: An in vitro cell model for immune modulation approach

doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2014.08.002

International Immunopharmacology

Volume 23, Issue 1, November 2014, Pages 37-45

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2014.08.002 Get rights and content

Highlights

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THP-1 cell line is a suitable in vitro cell model to study modulation of monocyte and macrophage functions.
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The use of THP-1 cell line can help supporting the eventual in vivo proven bioactivities of food compounds and pharmacological activities of drugs.
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THP-1 cell line can hint to potential responses that might occur in vivo, however, these should be validated by in vivo studies.

Abstract

THP-1 is a human leukemia monocytic cell line, which has been extensively used to study monocyte/macrophage functions, mechanisms, signaling pathways, and nutrient and drug transport. This cell line has become a common model to estimate modulation of monocyte and macrophage activities. This review attempts to summarize and discuss recent publications related to the THP-1 cell model. An overview on the biological similarities and dissimilarities between the THP-1 cell line and human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) derived-monocytes and macrophages, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the use of THP-1 cell line, is included. The review summarizes different published co-cultivation studies of THP-1 cells with other cell types, for instance, intestinal cells, adipocytes, T-lymphocytes, platelets, and vascular smooth muscle cells, which can be an option to study cell–cell interaction in vitro and can be an approach to better mimic in vivo conditions. Macrophage polarization is a relatively new topic which gains interest for which the THP-1 cell line also may be relevant. Besides that an overview of newly released commercial THP-1 engineered-reporter cells and THP-1 inflammasome test-cells is also given. Evaluation of recent papers leads to the conclusion that the THP-1 cell line has unique characteristics as a model to investigate/estimate immune-modulating effects of compounds in both activated and resting conditions of the cells. Although the THP-1 response can hint to potential responses that might occur ex vivo or in vivo, these should be, however, validated by in vivo studies to draw more definite conclusions.

Introduction

Monocytes and macrophages belong to the innate immune compartment, in which their major roles are (i) recognition of foreign pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and viruses via interaction of their surface structures with different types of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), (ii) proliferation to increase the amount of cells that are able to eliminate pathogens, (iii) production of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, e.g. to recruit effector cells to the site of infection, and anti-inflammatory cytokines when the infection is under control and (iv) phagocytosis to engulf and digest pathogens [1]. Early studies indicated that THP-1 cells resemble primary monocytes and macrophages in morphological and functional properties, including differentiation markers [2], [3], [4], [5], [6].

Section snippets

Versatility of the THP-1 monocytic cell line

The THP-1 cell line is isolated from the peripheral blood of a 1-year old male patient suffering from acute monocytic leukemia [7]. This cell line has been widely used to study immune responses while cells are not only in the monocyte state but also in the macrophage-like state [8], [9]. THP-1 macrophages, when stimulated with LPS, expressed MD2, CD14 and MyD88 genes, which are also required for LPS signaling in vivo. In addition to THP-1 cells, U937, ML-2, HL-60 and Mono Mac 6 cells have been

THP-1 cells in LPS exposure studies

THP-1 cells have been widely used as an in vitro model of human monocytes and macrophages in mechanistic studies of inflammatory diseases [2], [3], [4], [6]. It has long been believed that inflammatory monocytes are recruited and differentiated into macrophages at the site of infection [81]. In in vitro experiments, these cells are often described as being in an activation state [52], [82], [83], [84], which can be obtained by stimulating THP-1 cells with inflammatory activators, for instance,

Commercially available THP-1 engineered cell lines

THP-1 cells are human monocytic cells that are known to constitutively express most TLRs. In recent years, InvivoGen has engineered THP-1 cell lines as a tool to facilitate answering specific research questions. Examples of engineered THP-1 cell lines, as well as published articles using them as tools, are listed below.

Conclusion and suggestion

Health of humans and animals is strongly related to a proper balance of immune functions. These can be mediated by many factors, including diets: so called “immune modulation”. To study such a topic, the use of in vitro cell line can be meaningful because it enables to minimize the effects of culture period and genetic variation, the restraints posed by ethical issues, donor accessibility and availability, and provides mechanistic information. Cells in vivo always work in cross talk with other

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ReviewTHP-1 cell line: An in vitro cell model for immune modulation approach

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Versatility of the THP-1 monocytic cell line

THP-1 cells in LPS exposure studies

Commercially available THP-1 engineered cell lines

Conclusion and suggestion

J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol

Exp Hematol

Blood

Atherosclerosis

Cytokine

Int Immunopharmacol

Exp Parasitol

J Biol Chem

Trends Immunol

J Biol Chem

Trends Immunol

Blood

J Immunol Methods

Immunol Lett

Mol Cell Endocrinol

Immunobiology

Blood

Int J Food Microbiol

Food Res Int

Immunity

Immunity

Toxicol In Vitro

Life Sci

Toxicol In Vitro

Eur J Pharm Biopharm

Methods

Food Chem Toxicol

Innate immunity and inflammation — two facets of the same anti-infectious reaction

Clin Exp Immunol

Alveolar epithelial cell–macrophage interactions affect oxygen-stimulated interleukin-8 release

Inflammation

Biomechanical strain induces class A scavenger receptor expression in human monocyte/macrophages and THP-1 cells: a potential mechanism of increased atherosclerosis in hypertension

Circulation

Induction of maturation in cultured human monocytic leukemia cells by a phorbol diester

Cancer Res

Self-heat shock protein 60 induces tumour necrosis factor-α in monocyte-derived macrophage: possible role in chronic inflammatory periodontal disease

Clin Exp Immunol

Establishment and characterization of a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1)

Int J Cancer

The identification of markers of macrophage differentiation in PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells and monocyte-derived macrophages

PLoS One

Differences in the state of differentiation of THP-1 cells induced by phorbol ester and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

J Leukoc Biol

The U937 cell line induced to express CD14 protein by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and be sensitive to endotoxin stimulation

Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int

Coordinated binding of NF-κB family members in the response of human cells to lipopolysaccharide

Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Synergistic effect of muramyldipeptide with lipopolysaccharide or lipoteichoic acid to induce inflammatory cytokines in human monocytic cells in culture

Infect Immun

Transcriptional profiling of the LPS induced NF-κB response in macrophages

BMC Immunol

Distinct patterns of differentiation induced in the monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6

J Leukoc Biol

Establishment of a human cell line (Mono Mac 6) with characteristics of mature monocytes

Int J Cancer

Phagocytosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates human immunodeficiency virus replication in human monocytic cells

J Gen Virol

Differential signaling mechanisms regulate expression of CC chemokine receptor-2 during monocyte maturation

J Inflamm

Development and differentiation of macrophages and related cells: historical review and current concepts

J Clin Exp Hematop

The human leukemia cell line, THP-1: a multifaceted model for the study of monocyte–macrophage differentiation

Experientia

Characterization of Polarized Thp-1 Macrophages and Polarizing Ability of Lps and Food Compounds

Food and Function

β-Glucans are involved in immune-modulation of THP-1 macrophages

Mol Nutr Food Res

Differential regulation of human monocyte programmed cell death (apoptosis) by chemotactic factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines

J Immunol

Lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-1β prevent programmed cell death (apoptosis) in human peripheral blood monocytes

J Immunol

Review
THP-1 cell line: An in vitro cell model for immune modulation approach